Despite the wide range of research on pedestrian safety, previous studies have failed to analyse the real-time data of pedestrian walking misbehaviour on the basis of either pedestrian behaviour distraction or movements during specific activities to realise pedestrian safety for positive (normal) or aggressive pedestrians. Practically, pedestrian walking behaviour should be recognised, and aggressive pedestrians should be differentiated from normal pedestrians. This type of pedestrian behaviour recognition can be converted into a classification problem, which is the main challenge for pedestrian safety systems. In addressing the classification challenge, three issues should be considered: identification of factors, collection of data and exchange of data in the contexts of wireless communication and network failure. <br />Much effort and attention have been directed towards the investigation of vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) communication systems [1, 2]. Pedestrians refer to people walking on a street. V2P systems serve different purposes, such as safety or convenience for pedestrians [3]. In view of providing a clear view of pedestrian safety systems, this study presents six questions. The first question is “Why are pedestrian safety and pedestrian behaviour important, and is pedestrian safety in V2P systems considered a concern at the current state?”. V2P systems employ different communication technologies and various mechanisms to facilitate the interaction and information exchange between pedestrians and vehicles [4]. Statistics show that more than 3000 people die daily [5]. Accidents are unexpected events, and the increasing number of road accidents has led to an increasing number of pedestrian fatalities [6–13]. The common causes of such accidents are dangerous driving, inattentiveness, misbehaviour, and error by pedestrians and vehicles. These factors negatively impact human safety. Pedestrian fatality has become the main safety concern all over the world, and it primarily explains the need to take safety seriously. Pedestrian misbehaviour and inattention whilst walking have also been considered as causes of accidents [5, 14]. Walking is the most essential but the least protected mode of road transport. Several people favour the usage of smartphones when walking, especially with the fast development of smartphone-based applications, such as social media applications, such as music and video players, game machines and book and magazine readers, all of which have extensively dominated the usage of smartphones. Such 1 Department of Computing, Faculty of Arts, Computing and Creative Industry, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Perak, Malaysia 2 Department of medical instrumentation techniques engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Iraq 3 Department of Computer Science, Computer Science and Mathematics College, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq 4 Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan, ROC 5 Informatics Institute for Postgraduate Studies (IIPS), Iraqi Commission for Computers and Informatics (ICCI), Baghdad, Iraq 6 Department of Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Malaysia 7 Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia usage tends to distract pedestrians [15]. Distraction levels (e.g. ‘texting, watching a video or talking on the phone’) were elaborated in Ref. [16]. Moreover, smartphone usage has been identified as one of the reasons for pedestrians’ inattention as pedestrians tend to stare at their smartphones whilst walking on the street; such smartphone users are generally more dangerous than other pedestrians who do not stare at their smartphones [17]. In addition, some pedestrian movements during specific actions/activities (e.g. ‘stopping, walking, waiting, running or crossing a curb’) are considered risky behaviours [18, 19]. Therefore, pedestrians who use smartphones whilst walking are referred to as pedestrians with aggressive behaviour, which is based on either pedestrian behaviour distraction or movements during specific activities. Given this context, the second question is “What is the current research scenario for pedestrian behaviour to realise pedestrian safety and address research gaps?” In recent years, relatively new studies have focused on pedestrian behaviour to realise pedestrian safety. The proposed model in Ref. [20] enjoins spatial formation to ensure effective navigation performance and connects the impacts of nearby environments to walking trails by using fuzzy logic. The work aimed to predict a pedestrian’s walking path by modelling a built environment for the pedestrian’s steering behaviour. A particular problem associated with walking path prediction, namely, ‘how a pedestrian chooses his/her next step position and speed when he/she is exposed to environmental stimuli during a normal and non-panic situation’, was solved in Ref. [21]. The work attempted to analyse pedestrians’ behaviour in terms of selecting crossing facilities when faced with signalised crosswalks and footbridges at intersections. Field video data were used to observe the pedestrians’ crossing behaviour. Despite the incessant measures taken in large cities to advance road safety, pedestrian run-overs (risky pedestrians) remain a major problem.<br /><br />Dr. Zahraa Hashim<br />