An archaeological survey is a systematic field process aimed at collecting primary data on archaeological sites and artifacts through direct observation, aerial photography, or the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Survey methods vary among surface observation, aerial surveying, and geophysical surveying, depending on the nature of the region and the objective of the survey. Archaeological surveys are considered essential tools in archaeology, holding particular importance in Iraq due to its cultural richness and stratigraphic diversity spanning thousands of years. This article aims to highlight the vital role archaeological surveys play in discovering unknown sites, documenting existing landmarks, and guiding excavation works, in addition to their contribution to protecting heritage from natural and human threats. Key Contributions of Archaeological Surveys • Discovering New Sites: The significance of archaeological surveys in Iraq lies in the discovery of new sites. Given Iraq's vast geographical area and the lack of precise maps covering all regions, archaeological surveys help identify previously unknown locations, thereby contributing to the expansion of the archaeological database. • Documenting and Protecting Sites from Threats: Archaeological sites in Iraq face increasing threats due to urban expansion, encroachments, and climate change. Through precise documentation, endangered sites can be included in protection and conservation programs. • Providing a Digital Database: Modern surveys utilizing GIS technology and remote sensing enable the creation of accurate digital maps that are used in future research and heritage management policies. Conclusion In conclusion, archaeological surveys represent the foundational pillar for understanding and protecting Iraqi heritage. In light of current challenges, the need to support these efforts becomes prominent through governmental and international funding, cooperation between universities and heritage authorities, and the modernization of fieldwork tools. Iraq's investment in these efforts is not merely to protect the past, but to build a deep-rooted cultural identity and a foundation for sustainable tourism in the future. Author: Assistant Lecturer Zaid Awad Atea Email: [email protected]