Biodiversity refers to the variety and diversity of living organisms within ecosystems, including genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. Biodiversity represents one of the most essential foundations upon which sustainable development is built, as it provides a vital base for the continuity and advancement of human life. The presence of a wide variety of living organisms ensures the stability of ecosystems and their ability to withstand various environmental changes, whether natural or caused by human activities. Biodiversity plays a significant role in supporting the global economy, as many vital sectors depend on it, such as agriculture, fisheries, and pharmaceutical industries. Plants, for example, are a primary source of food and medicine, while genetic diversity within agricultural crops helps improve productivity and resistance to diseases. Biodiversity also contributes to providing essential ecosystem services, such as water purification, soil stabilization, and climate regulation. These services are crucial for sustaining life, even though they are often invisible or not economically valued. However, the world is witnessing a serious decline in biodiversity levels due to multiple factors, including pollution, climate change, and urban expansion. This decline directly affects food security and human health, and increases the likelihood of environmental disasters. Preserving biodiversity requires the adoption of effective environmental policies, such as establishing natural reserves, regulating resource exploitation, and enhancing environmental awareness among individuals. International cooperation also plays an important role in protecting endangered species. Therefore, biodiversity is not merely an aesthetic element of nature, but a fundamental necessity for achieving sustainable development and ensuring a secure future for future generations. Al-Mustaqbal University is the First University in Iraq
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