Given the worsening negative effects of the extensive use of chemical pesticides on public health and the environment, the global trend has shifted toward the use of biopesticides as a safe and effective alternative. These pesticides rely on natural ingredients or living microorganisms that control agricultural pests without negatively affecting humans or non-target organisms.<br /><br />1. What are Biopesticides?<br />Biopesticides are natural or microbial preparations used to control insects, diseases, and weeds. They consist of:<br />Bacteria or fungi that attack insect pests or plant diseases<br />Viruses that infect certain types of harmful insects<br />Compounds extracted from plants or microorganisms that affect pest behavior or inhibit their growth<br /><br />2. Types of Biopesticides<br />A. Microbial Pesticides<br />Contain beneficial microorganisms such as:<br />Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt): secretes substances that are toxic to insects<br />Trichoderma spp.: beneficial fungi that attack fungi that cause plant diseases<br /><br />B. Botanical pesticides<br />Derived from plants with natural properties that resist or repel insects.<br />For example, the neem plant contains azadirachtin, known for its ability to inhibit insect growth.<br /><br />C. Viral pesticides<br />Rely on viruses that specialize in infecting specific types of insect pests without affecting other species or the environment.<br /><br />D. Natural Enemies<br />Using predatory insects or natural parasites to control pests.<br />Example: Using ladybirds to control aphids.<br /><br />3. Advantages of Biopesticides<br />Harmless to humans, animals, and the environment.<br />Does not leave harmful residues in the soil or agricultural products.<br />Reduces the development of pest resistance compared to chemical pesticides.<br />Maintains ecological balance and supports beneficial organisms.<br />Ideally suitable for organic farming and sustainable systems.<br /><br />4. Uses in Agriculture<br />Controlling insects such as caterpillars, aphids, and whiteflies.<br />Controlling fungal diseases such as gray mold and downy mildew.<br />Disinfecting soil before planting to remove pathogens.<br />Promoting Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies.<br /><br />Biopesticides represent a modern and effective tool for achieving safe and environmentally friendly agriculture. With increasing environmental awareness and the trend toward more sustainable agricultural practices, their use must be promoted by supporting research, disseminating knowledge among farmers, and making these bioproducts available in practical and economical ways.<br /><br /><br />Al-Mustaqbal University is the first university in Iraq.