Colorectal cancer is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide, posing an increasing health challenge in many countries, both developed and developing. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) report issued by the World Health Organization in 2020, colorectal cancer ranked third in global incidence and second in cancer-related mortality. Raising awareness about this disease is essential through understanding its causes and the factors that increase the risk of developing it, in order to reduce its health and social burden.<br /><br />Colorectal cancer usually arises from abnormal growths in the lining of the large intestine or rectum, often beginning as benign polyps, which can turn malignant over time if not detected early.<br /><br />Major risk factors include:<br /> 1. Genetic and hereditary factors:<br />A family history of colorectal cancer increases the risk, particularly in cases with specific genetic mutations such as Lynch syndrome or Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP). A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2016 indicated that approximately 30% of colorectal cancer cases are directly linked to genetic factors.<br /> 2. Diet and lifestyle:<br />A diet high in red and processed meats and low in fiber, along with obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption, are well-established environmental risk factors. A study published in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention in 2018 reported that individuals following a high-fat, low-fiber diet have over a 20% higher risk of developing colorectal cancer.<br /> 3. Age:<br />The risk increases after the age of 50; however, recent years have shown a notable rise in incidence among younger adults. According to a 2020 study by the American Cancer Society (ACS), cases in the 20–39 age group have increased by 15% over the past two decades.<br /> 4. Inflammatory bowel diseases:<br />Conditions such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer, particularly if they persist for many years without effective treatment.<br /><br />Despite its seriousness, colorectal cancer is largely preventable and treatable if detected early, especially in individuals with clear risk factors. Efforts should focus on promoting a healthy diet, active lifestyle, and supporting routine screenings after age 40, or earlier for those with a family history or chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. The responsibility is shared between individuals and health institutions to spread awareness about prevention and early detection to reduce the prevalence of this silent disease.<br /><br />Ali Rasul Hussein<br /><br />Al-Mustaqbal University <br />The First University in Iraq.