Alternative energy<br /><br /><br />مقالة للطالب حامد صبري بعنوان "الطاقة البديلة "<br />بأشراف م.م هاجر الحسيني <br />Introduction<br />Water is the most vital resource for life on Earth, covering over 70% of the planet's surface. However, water pollution has become a global crisis, threatening ecosystems, human health, and economic development. Water pollution occurs when harmful substances—such as chemicals, waste, or microorganisms—contaminate water bodies, rendering them unsafe for use. This report explores the causes, effects, and potential solutions to water pollution, supported by credible sources.<br /> ####Causes of Water Pollution Water <br />pollution arises from various human activities and natural processes. The primary sources can be categorized into point sources (identifiable and localized) and non-point sources (diffuse and widespread). <br />1 . Industrial Waste: - Industries discharge toxic chemicals, heavy metals, and hazardous waste into water bodies. For example, textile factories release dyes, and mining operations leach mercury and lead. <br />- Oil spills from ships and offshore drilling are a significant source of ocean pollution.<br /> 2 . Agricultural Activities: - Fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides contain nitrates and phosphates that seep into groundwater or are washed into rivers and lakes, causing eutrophication (excessive growth of algae). <br />- Animal waste from livestock farming introduces pathogens and organic pollutants into water.<br />3 . Sewage and Wastewater: - In many developing countries, untreated or poorly treated sewage is dumped directly into water bodies, introducing harmful bacteria and viruses. - Even in developed nations, aging infrastructure can lead to sewage overflows during heavy rains. <br />4 . Plastic Pollution: - Millions of tons of plastic waste enter oceans annually, breaking down into microplastics that harm marine life and enter the food chain.<br /> 5 . Urban Runoff: - Stormwater from cities carries oil, heavy metals, and other pollutants from roads and industrial areas into water bodies. <br />6 . Radioactive Waste: - Nuclear power plants and mining operations can release radioactive materials into water, posing long-term health risks. <br />Advancements in solar technology, such as improved efficiency of PV cells and the development of solar storage systems, are expected to make solar energy more accessible and cost-effective.<br />more efficient and quieter turbines, along with better integration with energy storage systems, is expected to enhance the viability of wind energy.<br /><br />• Solutions to Water Pollution -Governments must implement and enforce strict regulations on industrial discharges and agricultural practices. Addressing water pollution requires a multi-faceted approach involving governments, industries, and individuals. <br />1 . Improved Wastewater Treatment: -Investing in advanced treatment technologies to remove pollutants before releasing wastewater into the environment. <br />2 Regulation and Enforcement: <br />3 . Sustainable Agriculture: - Promoting organic farming and reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.<br /><br />Conclusion <br />Water pollution is a complex and urgent issue that demands immediate action. Its causes are deeply rooted in human activities, and its effects are felt across ecosystems, economies, and public health. By adopting sustainable practices, enforcing regulations, and raising awareness, we can mitigate the impacts of water pollution and ensure clean, safe water for future generations. This report provides a comprehensive overview of water pollution, its causes, effects, and potential solutions, supported by credible source. <br />References<br /> 1 . United Nations. (2021). *World Water Development Report .<br /> 2 .World Health Organization (WHO). (2019). *Drinking Water Fact Sheet .<br /> 3 . National Geographic. (2020). *Water Pollution: Causes, Effects, and Solutions .<br /> 4 . Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2021). *Sources of Water Pollution .<br /> 5 .World Wildlife Fund (WWF). (2022). *Plastic Pollution in Oceans