<br />Environmental pollution, waste accumulation, and resource depletion have become pressing global issues. Biotechnology offers sustainable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly solutions, particularly through the use of microorganisms for waste management and environmental remediation.<br /><br />2. Microbial Applications<br />1.2 -Bioremediation:<br />Microbes such as Pseudomonas and Bacillus degrade toxic pollutants like hydrocarbons, pesticides, and heavy metals. <br />2.2- Wastewater Treatment:<br />Microbial consortia are employed in activated sludge processes to remove organic pollutants and pathogens.<br /> <br />3.2 - Bioenergy Production:<br />Anaerobic bacteria convert organic waste into biogas (methane), offering renewable energy solutions. <br />4.2- Plastic Biodegradation:<br />Emerging research highlights enzymes like PETase capable of breaking down plastics, reducing environmental burden. <br />3. Advantages<br />1.3 - Eco-friendly and less invasive than chemical treatments.<br />2.3 - Cost-effective in the long run.<br />3.3- Promotes circular economy by converting waste into resources.<br /><br />4. Limitations<br />1.4- Efficiency may be affected by environmental conditions.<br />2.4- Scaling laboratory results to industrial level remains challenging.<br />3.4- Regulatory frameworks for the release of genetically engineered microbes are still under debate. <br /> <br />5. Conclusion<br />Environmental biotechnology stands as a critical pillar for achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals. By harnessing the power of microbes, humanity can address pollution, manage waste, and transition toward a green and sustainable future. <br /> <br /> <br />M.Sc Noor Sabah Jabr<br />[email protected]<br />