Anesthetic vapors are among the most important anesthetic agents used in the medical field, especially in surgical procedures that require complete loss of consciousness. The term anesthetic vapors refers to a group of anesthetic substances administered by inhalation, reaching the lungs and then passing through the bloodstream to the central nervous system to exert their anesthetic effect. Anesthetic vapors work by suppressing the activity of the central nervous system, leading to loss of pain sensation, muscle relaxation, and varying degrees of unconsciousness depending on the type and concentration of the agent used. These gases are delivered using specialized anesthesia machines that ensure precise control of anesthetic concentration and the proportion of oxygen supplied to the patient. Among the most commonly used inhalational anesthetic agents in modern anesthesia are Sevoflurane, Isoflurane, and Desflurane. These agents are characterized by rapid onset of action, ease of controlling the depth of anesthesia, and faster recovery after surgery compared with other anesthetic techniques. Anesthetic vapors are widely used in major surgical procedures, pediatric surgeries, and operations that require precise control of anesthetic depth. Anesthesiologists may also prefer them in certain cases because, when used at appropriate doses, they exert less stress on the liver and kidneys. Despite their many benefits, inhalational anesthetics may be associated with some side effects, such as nausea, dizziness, hypotension, or respiratory tract irritation, particularly in sensitive patients. Therefore, continuous monitoring of vital signs during anesthesia is essential to minimize potential risks. In conclusion, anesthetic vapors represent a fundamental component of modern anesthesia, providing high levels of safety and efficiency when used correctly. Ongoing advances in this field contribute to improved surgical outcomes and reduced complications, highlighting the critical role of anesthesia in contemporary medicine. Yasmin Mouyad Al-Mustaqbal University The First University in Iraq.