What is Dopamine? Dopamine is a chemical substance that functions primarily as a neurotransmitter in the brain, rather than only as a hormone in the traditional sense. It is produced in brain regions such as the substantia nigra and the limbic system, and it plays a key role in: Control of movement Motivation and goal-directed behavior The reward and pleasure system Attention and learning Regulation of mood and energy In the body, it is also released through the endocrine system and can influence blood pressure and kidney function. Dopamine and the Reward System Dopamine levels increase when we: Achieve a goal Learn a new skill Engage in enjoyable activities Receive appreciation or a reward For this reason, dopamine is often called the “motivation chemical” rather than simply a “happiness hormone.” Happiness also involves other neurotransmitters such as serotonin, oxytocin, and endorphins. Dopamine Imbalance Low dopamine may be associated with: Lack of motivation and apathy Depression or loss of pleasure Poor concentration Parkinson’s disease (in cases of severe deficiency in motor pathways) Excessive dopamine activity may be associated with: Anxiety or impulsivity Certain psychotic disorders Compulsive or addictive behaviors Important: These are medical conditions that must be diagnosed by specialists — symptoms alone are not enough. How to Support Healthy Dopamine Levels Naturally Research suggests that the following habits may help improve dopamine function: Adequate, regular sleep Physical activity and exercise Balanced nutrition (especially foods rich in tyrosine, such as eggs, fish, and legumes) Moderate sun exposure Stress reduction Avoiding excessive sugar, stimulants, and digital overuse Medications and Dopamine Some medications act on dopamine pathways, including: Parkinson’s disease medications Certain ADHD medications Some antipsychotic drugs (which reduce dopamine activity) These should only be used under medical supervision. Conclusion Dopamine is not simply a “happiness hormone,” but rather a central factor in: motivation — learning — movement — the sense of reward. Its balance depends on a complex interaction between the brain, lifestyle, and psychological factors AL_mustaqbal University is the first university in Iraq