The adrenal glands are two small endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys. They play a crucial role in regulating vital body functions such as blood pressure, metabolism, stress response, and electrolyte balance through the secretion of hormones. Disorders of the adrenal glands can result from either insufficient or excessive hormone production. This article focuses on adrenal gland hyperfunction, its causes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. Overview of the Adrenal Glands Each adrenal gland consists of two main parts: Adrenal cortex: Produces cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenal androgens. Adrenal medulla: Secretes catecholamines, mainly epinephrine and norepinephrine. What Is Adrenal Hyperfunction? Adrenal hyperfunction refers to the excessive secretion of one or more adrenal hormones, leading to systemic physiological disturbances and specific endocrine syndromes. Causes of Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction Cushing’s Syndrome Cushing’s syndrome results from prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol. Its causes include: Adrenal adenomas or carcinomas Pituitary adenomas (Cushing’s disease) Long-term use of corticosteroid medications Primary Hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s Syndrome) This condition is characterized by excessive secretion of aldosterone, leading to: Hypertension Hypokalemia Sodium and water retention Pheochromocytoma A rare tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes excessive release of: Epinephrine Norepinephrine Typical symptoms include episodic hypertension, headache, sweating, and palpitations. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia A group of inherited disorders affecting steroid hormone synthesis, sometimes resulting in overproduction of adrenal androgens. Chronic Psychological Stress Persistent stress activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to sustained elevation of cortisol levels. Clinical Manifestations Symptoms vary depending on the hormone involved and may include: Persistent hypertension Central obesity (moon face, abdominal fat) Osteoporosis Hyperglycemia Anxiety and mood disturbances Suppressed immune function Diagnosis Diagnosis is based on: Blood and urine hormone level measurements Hormonal suppression and stimulation tests Imaging studies such as CT scan or MRI Management and Treatment Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve: Pharmacological therapy to inhibit hormone synthesis Surgical removal of adrenal or pituitary tumors Radiation therapy in selected cases Lifestyle modifications and stress management Conclusion Adrenal gland hyperfunction is a complex endocrine disorder that requires early diagnosis and appropriate management to prevent serious complications. A multidisciplinary approach improves patient outcomes and quality of life. Zahraa Jawad Al-Mustaqbal University The First University in Iraq.