Animal health is one of the fundamental factors for the success of livestock production projects, as diseases directly affect production efficiency and the quality of animal products such as milk and meat, in addition to the economic losses incurred by breeders. Therefore, identifying common diseases and applying appropriate preventive measures is essential for maintaining herd health. First: Bacterial Diseases 1. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) * Symptoms: Ulcers in the mouth and tongue, lameness, reduced milk production. * Prevention: Regular vaccination, preventing the entry of infected animals, and applying biosecurity measures. 2. Bovine Tuberculosis * Symptoms: Gradual weight loss, chronic coughing, general weakness. * Prevention: Periodic testing, isolation of infected animals, and proper disposal. 3. Brucellosis (Infectious Abortion) * Symptoms: Recurrent abortion, reduced fertility. * Prevention: Vaccination, continuous testing, and preventing mixing with untested animals. Second: Viral Diseases 4. Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) * Symptoms: High fever, diarrhea, high mortality rate. * Prevention: Regular vaccination and control of animal movement. 5. Lumpy Skin Disease * Symptoms: Skin nodules, fever, decreased productivity. * Prevention: Control of insect vectors, vaccination, and improved hygiene. Third: Parasitic Diseases 6. Internal Parasites (Worms) * Symptoms: Poor growth, anemia, diarrhea. * Prevention: Regular deworming programs and proper pasture management. 7. External Parasites (Ticks and Lice) * Symptoms: Itching, skin lesions, transmission of diseases. * Prevention: Periodic spraying with appropriate insecticides and cleaning animal housing. Fourth: Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases 8. Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies * Symptoms: Weak immunity, deformities, reduced fertility. * Prevention: Providing balanced and fortified rations. 9. Rumen Acidosis * Symptoms: Loss of appetite and digestive disturbances. * Prevention: Proper ration formulation and avoiding sudden increases in concentrated feeds. Fifth: General Preventive Measures * Implementing regular vaccination programs. * Quarantine of newly introduced or sick animals. * Improving hygiene and sanitation in animal housing. * Providing balanced nutrition and clean water. * Regular veterinary supervision. * Applying biosecurity principles. Disease prevention in production animals is more cost-effective and efficient than treatment. It contributes to improving productivity and achieving sustainability in the livestock sector. Both breeders and veterinary professionals share responsibility in applying preventive measures to maintain herd health and increase economic returns Al-Mustaqbal University… the leading private university in Iraq.