Antibiotic resistance is one of the most serious public health challenges worldwide. It occurs when bacteria develop the ability to survive exposure to antibiotics that were previously effective in treating infections. The misuse and overuse of antibiotics, such as taking them without medical prescription or failing to complete prescribed courses, are major contributors to this problem. The extensive use of antibiotics in agriculture and animal farming also accelerates the spread of resistant bacteria. According to the World Health Organization, antibiotic resistance increases treatment costs, prolongs hospital stays, and raises mortality rates. Addressing this issue requires public awareness, rational antibiotic use, and continuous development of new antimicrobial agents. References: World Health Organization. (2020). Ventola, C. L. (2015). Al-Mustaqbal University the first in Iraq