Cell signaling is considered one of the fundamental biological processes that enables cells to communicate with one another, ensuring the precise and coordinated regulation of various body functions. Living organisms rely on this complex signaling system to maintain internal balance (homeostasis) and to respond effectively to internal and external stimuli. The process of cell signaling occurs when a cell receives a specific signal, which may be in the form of a hormone, neurotransmitter, or growth factor, through specialized receptors located on its surface or inside the cell. When the signal binds to its appropriate receptor, a series of chemical reactions is initiated داخل the cell, known as signal transduction pathways. These pathways ultimately lead to a specific cellular response, such as cell division, secretion of a substance, or activation of certain genes. Cell signaling plays a crucial role in many vital processes, including the regulation of growth and development, control of metabolism, regulation of the immune system, and transmission of nerve impulses. It also contributes to coordinating the functions of different organs to ensure the body operates as an integrated system. Any disruption in cell signaling systems may lead to serious health disorders. For example, cancer can result from abnormalities in growth and division signals, while diabetes may arise from impaired insulin signaling. Therefore, the study of cell signaling represents an important field in medical research aimed at developing targeted therapies that precisely modulate these pathways. In conclusion, cell signaling represents an integrated biological system that ensures effective communication between body cells and contributes to maintaining functional balance and overall health. Al-Mustaqbal University is the First University in Iraq
  الهدف الرابع : التعليم الجيد