The cell is considered the fundamental unit in the structure of living organisms and represents the smallest unit capable of performing vital functions. The microscopic structure of cells varies depending on the type of organism, as there are clear differences between plant and animal cells, despite their sharing many basic components. Both plant and animal cells possess a plasma membrane that surrounds the cell and regulates the movement of substances in and out. They also contain cytoplasm, where most biochemical reactions occur, and a nucleus that houses the genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities. In addition, both types of cells include common organelles such as mitochondria, which are responsible for energy production, the Golgi apparatus, the endoplasmic reticulum, and ribosomes. However, the plant cell is distinguished by the presence of a rigid cell wall surrounding the plasma membrane, which provides support and a regular shape. It also contains chloroplasts that carry out photosynthesis, a vital process that enables plants to produce their own food using sunlight. Another characteristic feature is the presence of a large central vacuole that stores water and dissolved substances and helps maintain turgor pressure within the cell. In contrast, the animal cell lacks a cell wall and chloroplasts, making its shape more flexible and variable. It usually contains smaller vacuoles and includes centrioles, which play an important role in cell division. These structural differences reflect the variation in the functions performed by plants and animals. Plants rely on photosynthesis to produce their own food, whereas animals depend on heterotrophic nutrition to obtain energy. In conclusion, studying the microscopic structure of plant and animal cells is essential for understanding biology, as it explains how cellular structures integrate to perform various vital functions in living organisms. Al-Mustaqbal University is the First University in Iraq
  الهدف الرابع : التعليم الجيد