Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease resulting from the destruction of beta cells in the pancreas, leading to a complete deficiency of insulin secretion. Patients require lifelong insulin therapy. Nursing care is essential to maintain stability and prevent complications. First: Nursing Assessment • Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels (fasting, before/after meals, before bedtime). • Monitoring vital signs. • Assessing symptoms of hyperglycemia (frequent urination, excessive thirst, fatigue, weight loss). • Assessing symptoms of hypoglycemia (sweating, tremors, headache, dizziness, confusion). • Inspecting insulin injection sites. • Evaluating adherence to diet and treatment. • Periodic monitoring of HbA1c results. Second: Possible Nursing Diagnoses • Imbalanced blood glucose level. • Risk for hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. • Deficient knowledge regarding disease management. • Risk for infection. • Anxiety related to chronic illness. Third: Nursing Interventions Insulin Therapy Management • Administer insulin according to the prescribed dose and type. • Teach the patient proper injection technique and rotation of injection sites. • Ensure correct storage of insulin. Blood Glucose Monitoring • Teach the patient how to use a home glucose monitoring device. • Record and follow up on readings. • Early recognition of emergencies such as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Medical Nutrition Therapy • Educate the patient about the importance of meal planning. • Carbohydrate counting. • Avoid excessive intake of simple sugars. Physical Activity • Encourage regular exercise. • Monitor blood glucose before and after exercise. • Avoid exercise during hypoglycemia. Prevention of Complications • Daily foot care. • Inspect the skin for wounds or infections. • Regular eye and kidney examinations. Health Education and Psychological Support • Teach the patient and family how to manage emergencies. • Educate about carrying a diabetes identification card. • Provide psychological support, especially for children and adolescents. Fourth: Management of Emergency Conditions Hypoglycemia • Administer 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates (such as juice or glucose tablets). • Recheck blood glucose after 15 minutes. Hyperglycemia • Check urine or blood ketones in cases of severe hyperglycemia. • Administer insulin according to the treatment plan. • Encourage fluid intake. Goals of Nursing Care • Maintain stable blood glucose levels. • Prevent acute and chronic complications. • Empower the patient to manage their condition independently and safely. Al-Mustaqbal University the first university in Iraq.
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