Machine Learning (ML) is a fundamental branch of Artificial Intelligence that enables computer systems to learn from data and improve their performance automatically without explicit programming for every scenario. ML relies on mathematical models that identify patterns and relationships within data to perform prediction, classification, and decision-making tasks. Machine learning is generally categorized into supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. In supervised learning, models are trained using labeled datasets. Unsupervised learning focuses on discovering hidden structures within unlabeled data. Reinforcement learning involves agents interacting with an environment to maximize rewards through trial and error. Practical applications of machine learning are widespread, including recommendation systems, financial fraud detection, medical image analysis, speech recognition, and sentiment analysis. It is also a core technology behind autonomous vehicles and intelligent industrial systems. Machine learning forms the backbone of many modern technological innovations and remains a key research area contributing to intelligent and data-driven solutions across industries.