Short-acting anesthesia is commonly used in surgical and diagnostic procedures to induce temporary loss of consciousness. Barbiturates and benzodiazepines are the most frequently used agents for this purpose. This review examines their pharmacological properties, benefits, and associated risks, providing clinical recommendations for selecting the most appropriate drug according to patient condition and procedure type. Short-acting anesthetic agents differ in onset speed and hemodynamic stability. Barbiturates (e.g., thiopental sodium) act quickly but may affect blood pressure and respiration, while benzodiazepines (e.g., midazolam) provide stable sedation with faster recovery post-procedure. Pharmacological Properties: • Barbiturates: Broadly inhibit the central nervous system via GABA receptors, rapid onset, but may cause hypotension and respiratory depression. • Benzodiazepines: Selectively enhance GABA effects, providing better hemodynamic stability, faster recovery, and fewer side effects. Clinical Benefits: • Barbiturates are suitable for very short procedures requiring rapid induction of anesthesia. • Benzodiazepines are preferable for patients with cardiovascular or respiratory risks, as they provide more stable vital signs and shorter recovery times. Both drug classes are effective for short-acting anesthesia. The choice depends on the patient’s condition and the nature of the surgical procedure, balancing onset speed and hemodynamic stability. Lina Alaa Hussein Al Mustaqbal University The First University in Iraq