The engineer in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Industries, Fatima Adi Ali Magdy, wrote a scientific article entitled “Anti-freeze used in jet fuel.” The content of the article was: Anti-freeze used in jet fuel. The term “anti-freeze” refers to the chemical substances that are added to jet fuel. To prevent fuel from freezing during flight at low temperatures. Fuel freezing is a serious problem that can lead to aircraft engine failure and serious accidents.<br />Antifreeze agents work by lowering the freezing point of fuel, which is the temperature at which fuel freezes. These materials form a thin layer on the surface of the fuel, which prevents icing and keeps the fuel flowing smoothly in all weather conditions.<br />One of the most popular antifreeze agents used in aviation fuel is thenitol. Thanitol is a colorless, odorless liquid that is easily miscible with fuel. Thanitol lowers the freezing point of fuel and prevents ice formation in the fuel system.<br />In addition to thenitol, other substances such as ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monobutylate and ethylene glycol dibutylate are used as antifreeze agents. These materials vary in their chemical properties and composition, but all improve the fuel's ability to resist freezing.<br />Antifreezes are continually tested to ensure their effectiveness and safety. These substances are added to aviation fuel in the appropriate quantities and are carefully monitored<br />What are some other materials used as antifreeze agents in aviation fuel? In addition to thenitol, there are a number of other substances used as antifreeze agents in aviation fuel. These materials differ in their composition and chemical properties. Among these materials: 1. Ethylene Glycol: Commonly used as an anti-freeze agent in cryogenic liquids. It is characterized by its miscible properties with fuel and its ability to withstand low temperatures.<br />2. Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether: It is used as an antifreeze in fuel. It is characterized by its ability to form a thin layer on the surface of the fuel to prevent ice formation.3. Ethylene Glycol Dibutyl Ether: Also used as an antifreeze in aviation fuel. It is characterized by its miscible properties with fuel and its ability to withstand low temperatures.<br />4.. Other substances such as ethanol, methanol, and propylene glycol may also be used as antifreeze agents in some cases.<br /><br />These materials are monitored and tested periodically to ensure their effectiveness and safety for use in aviation fuel. The appropriate amount of antifreeze to add to the fuel is determined based on the expected temperature and type of fuel used.<br />3. How is the appropriate amount of antifreeze to be added to the fuel determined? Determining the appropriate amount of antifreeze to add to the fuel depends on several factors, including the expected temperature and the type of fuel being used. Generally, mathematical equations and models are used to determine the optimal amount of anti-freeze agent.<br />These models rely on information about the properties of the fuel, such as its freezing temperature and chemical composition. It also takes into account the expected temperature in the area the aircraft will be flying.<br />Using this information, the optimal amount of antifreeze to add to the fuel is determined. This is to ensure that the ratio between antifreeze and fuel is appropriate to prevent ice formation without adversely affecting the properties of the fuel<br />1. What factors determine the appropriate amount of antifreeze to add to the fuel? Determining the appropriate amount of antifreeze to add to the fuel depends on several factors, including:1. Expected temperature: The amount of antifreeze that should be added is affected by the expected temperature in the area the aircraft will be dealing with. The lower the temperature, the greater the amount of antifreeze required.2. Type of fuel used: The type of fuel varies from one aircraft to another, and depends on the aircraft model and engine requirements. Fuel composition and chemical properties vary, so the appropriate amount of antifreeze to add varies.<br />3. Manufacturers' requirements<br />