(animalcules) that he scraped from human tooth surfaces using a crude but effective microscope. This was the first<br />As early as 1674, Antonie van Leuwenhoek described aggregates of recorded observation of biofilms. When free-floating microorganisms adhere to a surface, biofilm formation takes place. Extracellular polymers that they secrete serve as a structural matrix and promote adhesion.<br />Since that pure planktonic growth is rare and bacteria typically develop in complex communities, the general notion that bacteria live in unicellular units is not totally accurate.<br />The majority of biofilm formations consist of a community of unicellular organisms adhered to a solid surface and enveloped in an exo-polysaccharide matrix.<br />Biofilms can have one or more layers. Bacterial populations in biofilms can be homogeneous or heterogeneous, and they persist within the extracellular polymeric matrix secreted by the biofilm's component populations.The bacteria within the biofilm are also resistant to extreme temperatures and are able to retain secreted polymers, including proteins, polysaccharides, e-DNA, and amyloidogenic proteins.<br />Because of their host defense mechanisms, multidrug resistance, and other stresses, biofilms pose a serious threat to human health. Consequently, it causes persistent bacterial infections all over the world.<br />Currently, there are five straightforward generalized stages for biofilm formation displayed. Step-1 planktonic cell uses an adhesion mechanism to cling to the substrate; Step-ll cell begins adsorption and multiplication; Step-lll the early stages of the biofilm architecture's development, the synthesis of the cell-cell signaling molecule, Step -lV, which produces the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and Step-V, which disperses the individual cell from the biofilm, all contribute to the final, firmly mature biofilm architecture.<br />Bacterial adhesion is covered by the biofilm growth cycle at every stage, from the first physical attraction of bacteria to a substrate to the final release of cell clusters from the biofilm matrix.Bacteria have continuously altered their physical makeup and metabolism throughout their evolutionary history to adapt to almost every type of environment.<br />The pathogenesis of numerous subacute and chronic bacterial diseases, as well as their resistance to antibiotic treatment, are significantly influenced by biofilm-associated drug resistance and tolerance. This is particularly true for infections linked to medical devices. Biofilms have a complicated role in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and have the potential to greatly increase resistance. Compared to similar bacteria living in a planktonic state, bacteria living in biofilms can display an increase in antibiotic resistance of 10 to 1,000 times.<br />