It is no exaggeration to say that the vocabulary of English language using is different from one boroughs to another—whether in England, USA or other regions speaking English. Let’s interpret what Dickens C. notes when he tried to visit some boroughs in NYC for the purpose of obtaining some data to explain the differentiation of the United States through their acts in the use of vocabulary in a different semantic meaning. The data collected from his book through his depiction of visiting five boroughs of NYC (today): Manhattan, Brooklyn (King's), Queens, Staten Island, the Bronx: and Lombard Street (City of London), Wall Street (NY) – Financial Centres, Banks, Stock Exchange. <br />Remarkably, we discovered some of the adjectives that Dickens used to depict places or people and describe them in the same sense but they give different connotations. Such as ‘bustling= busy town’ (from to bustle) “to move or cause to move energetically and busily”; ‘highway’ “main, public road (USA motorway)”: ‘motorway’ “(UK, modern times) “main road for fast-moving traffic” and other different adjectives. Through the transportation of using vocabulary such as, the synonymy of ‘car’ with (arch) chariot, carriage, cart; today automobile, carriage (trains) has a similar meaning but each vocabulary uses as a means to describe something to portray under his discretion. For instance, <br />“[…]For amusement, they walk, run, fish, paint, read, and ride out to take the air in carriages provided for the purpose… smaller for sleeping in was ever made except coffins, it was no bigger than one of those hackney cabriolets which have the door behind, and shoot their fares out… were steam ferry-boats laden with people, coaches, horses, waggons, baskets, boxes: crossed and recrossed…”.<br /><br /><br /> 1-3<br />‘carriage’ “four-wheeled horse-drawn passenger vehicle; today (UK) railroad passenger car (also coach)”; 'hackney' “(cab) “coach or carriage for hire”; ‘cab’ “one-horse vehicle for public hire; taxicab (cf to taxi of airplanes – to move slowly before takeoff or after landing)”; ‘coach- bus’ (long distance) “railroad passenger car; large, closed four-wheeled carriage(stagecoach)”. <br />In the other direction of what collected from the vocabulary related to the outfits, such as ‘clothing, headgear, footwear’ used in in various expressions—included materials are: ‘cloth, silk, satin, linen, nankeen’. For instance, <br />“What various parasols! what rainbow silks and satins! what pinking of thin stockings, and pinching of thin shoes, and fluttering of ribbons and silk tassels, and display of rich cloaks with gaudy hoods and linings!” <br /><br />the use of ‘tassel’ means “loosely hanging threads or cords knotted at one end; ‘ribbon’ “a long, narrow strip of fabric”, and other different semantic relations that they belong to the outfits, such as ‘cloak, lining, hat, cap helmet, top boots, wellington boots, work (hypernym), labour, delve, drudge, clink, rattle, jar, castanets”. <br /><br />Vocabulary Dickens American Notes<br /><br />The (five) boroughs of NYC (today): Manhattan, Brooklyn(King's), Queens, Staten Island, the Bronx <br />Lombard Street (City of London), Wall Street (NY) – financial centres, banks, stock exchange<br />Adjectives (description of places, persons)<br />gaudy- extravagantly bright, showy and tasteless<br />golden (coloured or shining like gold; also made of gold), gilded – covered thinly with gold leaf<br />bustling (from to bustle) – to move or cause to move energetically and busily<br />blister (n). - swelling on the skin; vb. to cause a blister to form on ; blistering (present participle, gerund)<br />filthy (filth, n.) dirty, unclean; fig. filthy mouth<br />drab – lacking brightness, dull<br />glazed – (of food, fabric) overlaid or covered with a smooth, shiny coating or finished.<br />gaunt – thin, bony, emaciated<br />by-street- side, secondary, obscure street<br />thoroughfare – a main road in town (cf. High Street)<br />lane – narrow road, secondary street, a division of a road (4-lane motorway); alley, track, course<br />drive – a road for automobiles (cf. also drive-in cinema)<br />road -an open way for the passages of vehicles, people etc.<br />promenade<br />highway – main, public road (USA motorway)<br /> 2-3<br />motorway (UK, modern times) - main road for fast-moving traffic<br /><br />means of transport<br />car (arch) chariot, carriage, cart; today automobile, carriage (trains)<br />carriage – four-wheeled horse-drawn passenger vehicle; today (UK) railroad passenger car (also coach)<br />hackney (cab) -coach or carriage for hire<br />cab – one-horse vehicle for public hire; taxicab (cf to taxi of airplanes – to move slowly before takeoff or after landing)<br />coach- bus (long distance); railroad passenger car; large, closed four-wheeled carriage(stagecoach)<br />gig – light, two-wheeled horse-drawn carriage<br />phaeton- light, for-wheeled open carriage drawn by two horses<br />tilbury- light, two-wheeled open carriage with a bench seat<br />omnibus – large horse-drawn public conveyance; later, a long motor vehicle for passengers (bus)<br />clothing, headgear, footwear<br />jeans (from Genova -English Genoa – French Gênes), denim (de Nîmes – place în France)<br />materials: cloth, silk, satin, linen, nankeen<br />tassel- loosely hanging threads or cords knotted at one end<br />ribbon- a long, narrow strip of fabric<br />cloak -sleeveless outdoor overgarment hanging loosely from the shoulders; diff. robe, gown<br />lining – a layer of (different material attached to the inside of a garment<br />hat – covering for the head (crown+brim)<br />cap – soft, close-fitting head covering (vizor, but no brim) (cf. vizor medieval helmet)<br />helmet – hard protective head covering<br />top boots - high boots having the upper part made of a different material<br />Wellington boots – high boots usually reaching above the knee<br />work (hypernym) , labour, delve, drudge – (hyponyms) referring to work involving (great) physical effort<br />clink – make a sharp, light, ringing sound<br />rattle – make short, percussive sounds<br />jar – to make a harsh, discordant sound<br />castanets – (noun) percussion instrument made of two shells held in the palm of the hand and clapped together with the fingers.<br /><br /> Castanets<br />Percussion instrument<br /><br /><br />peep – to look shyly, furtively, pryingly<br />stare - to look intently, gaze steadily<br />peer – to look intently<br />glimpse – look briefly<br />glance- look at smth. briefly, cursorily<br />look (hypernym) all with the preposition AT<br />pry – to look at or inquire closely, curiously<br />pig, swine, hog, sow (female), pork (meat)<br />