The Effects of Radiation on Pregnant Women<br /><br />Introduction<br /><br />Radiation exposure during pregnancy is a significant concern due to its potential effects on both the mother and the developing fetus. Radiation can come from various sources, including medical imaging, environmental exposure, and occupational settings. The impact of radiation depends on factors such as the dose, duration, and stage of pregnancy during exposure.<br /><br />Types of Radiation Exposure<br /><br />There are two main types of radiation that pregnant women may encounter:<br /> 1. Ionizing Radiation:<br /> • Includes X-rays, gamma rays, and radioactive materials.<br /> • High doses can cause DNA damage, cell mutations, and developmental abnormalities in the fetus.<br /> 2. Non-Ionizing Radiation:<br /> • Includes electromagnetic fields from mobile phones, microwaves, and radio waves.<br /> • Generally considered less harmful, but long-term effects are still being studied.<br /><br />Effects of Radiation on Pregnancy<br /><br />The severity of radiation effects depends on the stage of pregnancy:<br /><br />1. Pre-Implantation Stage (0–2 weeks)<br /> • High radiation exposure can lead to early miscarriage.<br /> • If the embryo survives, it typically develops normally without defects.<br /><br />2. Organogenesis Stage (2–8 weeks)<br /> • This is a critical period for organ development.<br /> • Radiation exposure can cause birth defects, growth retardation, and abnormalities in brain development.<br /><br />3. Fetal Stage (8–40 weeks)<br /> • The central nervous system remains sensitive to radiation, especially between 8 and 25 weeks.<br /> • High doses can lead to intellectual disabilities, reduced brain size, and developmental delays.<br /> • After 25 weeks, the risks decrease but still include potential cancer development in childhood.<br /><br />Safe Radiation Levels During Pregnancy<br /><br />Radiation exposure is measured in millisieverts (mSv). According to the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP):<br /> • Less than 5 mSv: Considered safe, with no significant risk to the fetus.<br /> • 5–50 mSv: Low risk, but unnecessary exposure should be avoided.<br /> • Above 100 mSv: Increases the risk of fetal abnormalities, intellectual disabilities, and childhood cancer.<br /><br />Medical Radiation and Pregnancy<br /><br />1. Diagnostic Imaging<br /> • X-rays and CT scans: Should be avoided unless necessary. If required, abdominal shielding can minimize exposure.<br /> • Ultrasound and MRI: Considered safe since they do not emit ionizing radiation.<br /><br />2. Radiation Therapy<br /> • Pregnant women undergoing cancer treatment may face risks depending on the radiation dose and treatment area.<br /> • In some cases, delaying therapy or modifying treatment plans is recommended.<br /><br />Preventive Measures<br /> • Limit unnecessary exposure to medical imaging and radiation-emitting devices.<br /> • Use protective shielding during necessary X-rays or scans.<br /> • Follow workplace safety guidelines if working in radiation-related fields.<br /><br />Conclusion<br /><br />Radiation exposure during pregnancy should be minimized to protect fetal development. While low doses from medical imaging pose minimal risk, high doses can lead to severe complications. Pregnant women should consult healthcare professionals before undergoing any radiation-related procedures to ensure safety for both mother and child. جامعة المستقبل الجامعة الاولى في العراق<br />قسم تقنيات المختبرات الطبية الاول في التصنيف الوطني العراقي