Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after 12 months of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse. It affects approximately 10–15% of couples worldwide. The causes of infertility are diverse, involving factors from both males and females, and sometimes remain unexplained.<br /><br />Female Factors<br /> 1. Ovulatory Disorders: Conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hypothalamic amenorrhea, and premature ovarian insufficiency disrupt normal ovulation, leading to infertility.<br /> 2. Tubal Blockages: Blockages in the fallopian tubes, often due to infections, endometriosis, or previous surgeries, prevent the egg and sperm from meeting.<br /> 3. Uterine Abnormalities: Structural issues such as fibroids, polyps, or congenital anomalies can interfere with implantation or increase miscarriage risk.<br /> 4. Endometriosis: This condition involves the growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, causing inflammation and scarring that can impair fertility.<br /><br />Male Factors<br /> 1. Sperm Production Issues: Low sperm count, poor motility, or abnormal morphology can hinder fertilization.<br /> 2. Varicocele: Enlarged veins in the scrotum can increase testicular temperature, affecting sperm quality.<br /> 3. Hormonal Imbalances: Disorders affecting testosterone and other hormones can reduce sperm production.<br /> 4. Lifestyle Factors: Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, and exposure to environmental toxins can negatively impact sperm health.<br /><br />Combined and Unexplained Factors<br /><br />In some cases, both partners contribute to infertility, or no identifiable cause is found despite thorough evaluation.<br /><br />Conclusion<br /><br />Understanding the multifaceted causes of infertility is crucial for effective diagnosis and treatment. Couples facing fertility challenges should seek medical consultation to explore potential underlying factors and appropriate interventions.<br /><br />د. نور كريم الفتلاوي <br />فسلجة التناسل والعقم والتقنيات المساعدة على الانجاب<br /><br />Al-Mustaqbal University is the first university in Iraq