Introduction<br />Cancer is one of the most complex and widespread diseases, often arising from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. While most cancers result from acquired mutations during a person’s life, a small but significant percentage are caused by inherited genetic mutations that increase the risk of developing certain tumors. Understanding these mutations plays a crucial role in early detection, prevention, and the development of targeted treatment strategies.<br /><br />What Are Inherited Genetic Mutations?<br />Inherited mutations are permanent changes in the DNA sequence that are passed from parents to offspring through germline cells (sperm or egg). They differ from acquired mutations, which occur due to external factors such as radiation or chemical exposure.<br /><br />Genetic Mutations Associated with Cancer<br />Several genes are directly linked to increased cancer risk when mutated, including:<br /><br />BRCA1 and BRCA2: Responsible for repairing damaged DNA, mutations in these genes are linked to breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers.<br /><br />TP53: Known as the "guardian of the genome," mutations can cause Li-Fraumeni syndrome, which predisposes to multiple cancer types.<br /><br />APC: Mutations are associated with familial adenomatous polyposis, a hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome.<br /><br />MLH1 and MSH2: Involved in DNA mismatch repair; mutations are linked to Lynch syndrome and colorectal cancer.<br /><br />How Do Mutations Contribute to Tumor Development?<br />Inherited genetic mutations contribute to cancer development by:<br /><br />Affecting Cell Division Regulation<br />Loss of tumor suppressor gene function allows uncontrolled cell proliferation.<br /><br />Impairing DNA Repair Mechanisms<br />This leads to the accumulation of additional mutations over time.<br /><br />Increasing the Risk of Malignant Transformation<br />Especially when combined with environmental or lifestyle factors such as smoking or poor diet.<br /><br />Importance of Early Genetic Testing<br />Identifying genetic mutations early can:<br /><br />Guide proactive medical decisions (e.g., preventive surgeries or regular screenings).<br /><br />Help identify at-risk family members.<br /><br />Enable the use of targeted therapies based on the specific mutation (e.g., PARP inhibitors for BRCA mutations).<br /><br />Ethical and Psychological Considerations<br />Despite the benefits, genetic testing raises several challenges:<br /><br />Emotional distress following a positive result.<br /><br />Issues related to privacy and health insurance.<br /><br />The need for professional genetic counseling before and after testing.<br /><br />Conclusion<br />Inherited genetic mutations play a critical role in the development of certain cancers. Advances in medical genetics now make it possible to identify individuals at risk and implement effective strategies for prevention, early detection, and treatment. A comprehensive approach combining scientific research, health awareness, and genetic counseling is essential to addressing hereditary cancer.<br />Huda Rafid Abd Alkhaliq<br />AL_mustaqbal University is the first university in Iraq