Technological Complexity of Refining Processes<br />Eng. Nourhan Thamer Assi.<br /><br />Related Sustainable Development Goals:<br />SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy<br />SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure<br />SDG 13: Climate Action<br /><br />Oil refining processes are among the most technologically complex industrial operations, requiring advanced techniques to separate and convert crude oil into various products such as gasoline, diesel, and chemicals. Refining involves sophisticated thermal, chemical, and physical processes like fractional distillation, hydrocracking, and sulfur removal to ensure fuel quality and reduce pollutants.<br /><br />This complexity demands precise coordination between advanced equipment and electronic control systems to ensure safety and efficiency. Refining also faces major environmental challenges due to emissions and waste, prompting the industry to develop environmentally friendly technologies such as carbon capture systems and energy efficiency improvements.<br /><br />Al-Mustaqbal University The First University in Iraq<br /><br />