Prepared by: Ms. Tabarak Ahmed Turki Al-Azzawi<br /><br />Introduction:<br />Chronic psychological stress is one of the most pressing challenges to mental and neurological health in modern times, due to the fast pace of life and increasing social and economic pressures. Persistent exposure to stress does not only affect mood and behavior, but also extends its influence to the structure and function of the brain over the long term.<br />Chronic Stress: Definition and Physiology<br />Chronic stress is the body’s continuous response to external stimuli perceived as threats, leading to the sustained activation of the HPA axis (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal), which is responsible for releasing stress hormones, particularly cortisol. Prolonged activation of this axis results in changes in the brain’s chemical balance and neural activity.<br />Neurological Effects of Chronic Stress:<br /> 1. Shrinkage of Specific Brain Regions:<br /> • MRI studies have shown that chronic stress causes shrinkage in the hippocampus, which is responsible for memory and learning, and the prefrontal cortex, which plays a role in decision-making and emotional regulation.<br /> 2. Increased Activity of the Amygdala:<br /> • The amygdala processes fear and anxiety, and overstimulation due to stress leads to heightened responses to negative stimuli and a higher risk of anxiety and depressive disorders.<br /> 3. Memory and Concentration Impairment:<br /> • High cortisol levels negatively impact the formation and retrieval of memories, leading to reduced cognitive performance, especially in tasks that require high attention.<br /> 4. Disruption in Neurotransmission:<br /> • Chronic stress disturbs the balance of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin, contributing to mood disorders and reduced motivation.<br />Long-Term Effects:<br /> • Chronic stress increases the risk of developing neurological diseases such as dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.<br /> • It is also a contributing or aggravating factor in several psychological disorders, including depression, anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).<br />Prevention:<br /> • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is one of the most effective methods for managing chronic stress.<br /> • Exercise and meditation reduce cortisol levels and improve mood.<br /> • Adequate sleep and balanced nutrition are critical for supporting brain resilience and enhancing its functions.<br /><br />Conclusion:<br />Chronic psychological stress is not merely a temporary emotional state but a serious threat to brain health and function in the long term. Understanding the biological mechanisms linking stress to brain function is a crucial step toward prevention and treatment, highlighting the importance of adopting a healthy lifestyle that promotes both mental and neurological well-being.<br /><br />Al-Mustaqbal University ، The First University in Iraq<br /><br />