A symbiotic relationship (symbiosis) refers to the coexistence of two or more organisms in a way that benefits one or both of them. In the case of flowering plants, this relationship can be with:<br /><br />Fungi<br /><br />Bacteria<br /><br />1. Symbiosis of Flowers with Fungi (Mycorrhiza)<br /><br />This is a relationship between plant roots (including flowering plants) and soil fungi.<br /><br />The fungi are embedded in the root tissue or surround it externally.<br /><br />The flowers themselves do not form this relationship, but benefit from it through the parent plant (stem and roots).<br /><br />Benefits for both parties:<br />Flowering plant: Obtains minerals such as phosphorus and nitrogen from the fungi.<br /><br />Fungi: Obtain sugars produced by the plant through photosynthesis.<br /><br />Effects on flowers:<br />Increased plant nutrition = Stimulates flower formation.<br /><br />Improved plant resistance to drought = Higher ability to flower under harsh conditions.<br /><br />Enhanced seed and fruit production = Continuation of the plant life cycle.<br /><br />2. Symbiosis of Flowers with Bacteria (Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria)<br /><br />Commonly found in the roots of plants such as beans, clover, and peas (legumes), this relationship directly affects flower production.<br /><br />Benefits for both parties:<br />The flowering plant: receives readily absorbable nitrogen from the bacteria.<br /><br />Bacteria: receive sugars and a home within the roots (root nodules).<br /><br />Effects on flowers:<br />Nitrogen is an essential element in the production of amino acids and proteins.<br /><br />Increased nitrogen content = increased flower number and size.<br /><br />Stronger plant growth = more lush and more pollinated flowers.<br /><br />3. Importance of these relationships in the environment and agriculture:<br />Improved production of flowering crops (such as cotton and sunflowers).<br /><br />Reduced need for chemical fertilizers.<br /><br />Increased resistance of plants to disease and drought.<br /><br />Promoted biodiversity in the ecosystem.<br /><br />Al-Mustaqbal University is the first university in Iraq.