Introduction:<br />Sickle cell anemia is a chronic genetic disorder that affects the shape and function of red blood cells. In this condition, red blood cells take on an abnormal, crescent or sickle shape, which hinders their movement through blood vessels and leads to a reduced oxygen supply throughout the body. It is especially common in areas where malaria is prevalent, such as Africa, the Middle East, and India.<br /><br />Causes of Sickle Cell Anemia:<br />The disease is caused by a genetic mutation that affects the production of hemoglobin—the protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen. When a child inherits the defective gene from both parents, symptoms appear. If inherited from only one parent, the individual is a carrier and usually has mild or no symptoms.<br /><br />Symptoms of Sickle Cell Anemia:<br />Symptoms vary from person to person but commonly include:<br /><br />Severe pain episodes (known as pain crises)<br /><br />Chronic anemia<br /><br />Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)<br /><br />Delayed growth in children<br /><br />Frequent infections<br /><br />Vision problems<br /><br />Swelling in hands and feet<br /><br />Possible Complications:<br />Sickle cell anemia can lead to serious complications, such as:<br /><br />Organ damage (heart, liver, kidneys)<br /><br />Stroke<br /><br />Weakened immune system and increased infection risk<br /><br />Lung problems<br /><br />Vision loss in some cases<br /><br />Diagnosis Methods:<br />Diagnosis includes:<br /><br />Blood tests: To examine the shape of red blood cells and hemoglobin levels.<br /><br />Hemoglobin electrophoresis: To detect the presence of sickle hemoglobin.<br /><br />Genetic testing: To identify carriers of the disease, especially before marriage or having children.<br /><br />Treatment and Management:<br />There is currently no complete cure, but several treatments help reduce symptoms and improve quality of life:<br /><br />Folic acid supplements to support red blood cell production.<br /><br />Medications like hydroxyurea to reduce pain crises.<br /><br />Regular blood transfusions for severe cases.<br /><br />Infection prevention through vaccines and antibiotics.<br /><br />Bone marrow transplant: The only known potential cure, though not suitable for everyone.<br /><br />Prevention and Awareness:<br />Premarital screening to detect carriers of the disease.<br /><br />Community education on the importance of genetic testing.<br /><br />Psychological and social support for patients.<br /><br />Conclusion:<br />Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease that requires medical awareness and ongoing care. Despite its challenges, early diagnosis and proper healthcare can help manage symptoms and significantly improve the lives of those affected.<br />AL_mustaqbal University is the first university in Iraq