Pollination networks are one of the most important examples of mutualistic ecological interactions, where a symbiotic relationship develops between flowering plants and pollinating insects, such as bees, butterflies, flies, and beetles. These interactions form the cornerstone of ecosystem sustainability, as a large proportion of plants depend on insects for pollen transfer to ensure reproduction.<br /><br />Importance of pollination networks:<br />Ensuring biodiversity: Pollination networks contribute to maintaining plant and insect diversity through the interconnected ecological relationships between a large number of species.<br /><br />Agricultural production: Approximately 75% of the world's food crops depend in part on insect pollinators.<br /><br />Environmental stability: These networks act as an ecological support system that enhances the resilience and stability of ecosystems.<br /><br />Characteristics of pollination networks:<br />Complexity of relationships: Networks consist of many plant species and the many insect species that interact with them.<br /><br />Specialization versus generalism: Some insects specialize in a specific plant species, while others feed on multiple plant species, increasing the complexity of the network.<br /><br />Resilience: Networks can adapt to environmental changes by reshaping relationships between species.<br /><br />Al-Mustaqbal University is the first university in Iraq.