Prepared by: Ms. Tabarak Ahmed Turki Al-Azzawi<br />Introduction:<br />Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most serious complications of chronic diabetes and is considered a leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. It results from damage to the kidney’s small blood vessels due to persistent high blood sugar levels, leading to a gradual decline in kidney function. If not managed in time, it can progress to the point where dialysis or kidney transplantation becomes necessary.<br />First: What is Diabetic Nephropathy?<br />It is a kidney disease caused by type 1 or type 2 diabetes, in which chronic high blood sugar levels lead to:<br /> • Damage to the kidney’s tiny blood vessels (glomeruli).<br /> • Leakage of protein (especially albumin) into the urine.<br /> • A decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).<br /> • Accumulation of toxins and fluids in the body.<br />Second: Risk Factors That Increase the Likelihood of Developing Diabetic Nephropathy:<br /> 1. Poor control of blood sugar levels.<br /> 2. Uncontrolled high blood pressure.<br /> 3. Family history of kidney disease.<br /> 4. Smoking and lack of physical activity.<br /> 5. Obesity and high levels of blood fats (lipids).<br />Third: Early Symptoms and Signs:<br /> • Protein in the urine (microalbuminuria).<br /> • Swelling in the feet or face.<br /> • High blood pressure.<br /> • General fatigue and loss of appetite.<br /> • Changes in the amount or color of urine.<br />Fourth: How Can a Diabetic Patient Maintain Kidney Health?<br />1. Control Blood Sugar:<br /> • Follow a healthy dietary plan.<br /> • Take medications or insulin regularly.<br /> • Monitor HbA1c and keep it below 7%.<br />2. Manage Blood Pressure:<br /> • Keep it below 130/80 mmHg.<br /> • Use ACE inhibitors or ARBs under medical supervision.<br />3. Regular Monitoring of Kidney Function:<br /> • Perform urine albumin test (UACR).<br /> • Check estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) every 6–12 months.<br />4. Follow a Kidney-Friendly Diet:<br /> • Reduce sodium and salt intake.<br /> • Limit animal protein.<br /> • Eat more vegetables and fruits that are low in potassium.<br />5. Avoid Harmful Medications for the Kidneys:<br /> • Such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) without a doctor’s advice.<br />6. Exercise Regularly:<br /> • Walking for 30 minutes daily improves blood pressure and blood sugar.<br />7. Quit Smoking and Reduce Stress.<br />Conclusion:<br />Diabetic nephropathy is a silent but preventable complication. Through careful control of risk factors and adoption of a healthy lifestyle, it is possible to slow its progression or even prevent it. Early detection and effective treatment play a crucial role in protecting kidney function and maintaining the quality of life for diabetic patients.<br /><br />Al-Mustaqbal University the First in Iraq