In digital forensic science, analyzing electronic signals (such as wireless communication signals or electromagnetic emissions) is a valuable method for identifying devices and linking them to crimes. However, investigators face a significant challenge: the similarity of signals between different devices, which may lead to confusion or misinterpretation of evidence.<br /><br />Causes of signal similarity:<br /><br />Similar hardware components: Most phones and computers use standardized circuits, producing nearly identical signal patterns.<br /><br />Standardized communication protocols: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and GSM networks generate signals that are almost indistinguishable across devices.<br /><br />Similar power consumption patterns: Many devices operate under comparable modes, leading to overlapping electrical signals.<br /><br />Environmental interference: External radiation sources may further complicate signal differentiation.<br /><br />Impact on forensic investigations:<br /><br />Ambiguity in device identification: Criminal activity may be mistakenly attributed to the wrong device.<br /><br />Legal challenges: If device identity is not verified precisely, suspects may contest the credibility of evidence.<br /><br />Delays in investigations: Additional procedures are required to distinguish between devices.<br /><br />Proposed solutions:<br /><br />Electromagnetic fingerprinting (EM Fingerprinting): A technique that relies on subtle, unique differences in device signals.<br /><br />Multi-source analysis: Combining signal analysis with other data sources such as call logs or GPS locations.<br /><br />Advanced filtering tools: Using artificial intelligence algorithms to identify unique patterns for each device.<br /><br />In conclusion, while signal similarity between devices poses a real challenge in digital forensic investigations, it can be effectively mitigated through advanced technologies, cross-validation, and multi-layered analysis.<br />Al-Mustaqbal University, the first university in Iraq