The ocular surface was traditionally considered a nearly sterile environment. However, advances in metagenomic sequencing have revealed a diverse ocular microbiome that plays a critical role in maintaining immune homeostasis and corneal health.<br /><br />The ocular microbiome is composed primarily of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corynebacterium spp., Propionibacterium spp., and certain Streptococcus species. These commensals compete with pathogens, preventing colonization by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The microbiome modulates mucosal immunity by stimulating secretory IgA production and influencing cytokine release, including IL-6 and IL-10.<br />Dysbiosis of the ocular microbiome has been linked to dry eye disease, blepharitis, and keratitis. Moreover, alterations in microbial communities may compromise the tolerance of contact lenses.<br /><br />Future Perspectives<br />• Development of ocular probiotics as therapeutic eye drops.<br />• Establishment of age-specific microbial reference profiles.<br />• Use of metagenomic analysis for early detection of ocular diseases.<br /><br />Conclusion<br />The ocular microbiome represents a first-line defense for the eye. Understanding its role may lead to innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in ocular surface disorders.<br />