Communication protocol analysis is a cornerstone of digital forensics, as these protocols serve as the channels through which data is exchanged across networks. By examining the details of protocols such as TCP/IP, HTTP, DNS, and SMTP, experts can identify communication patterns and uncover abnormal behaviors.<br /><br />When attackers attempt to manipulate protocols—whether by redirecting data traffic (Hijacking) or using Man-in-the-Middle attacks—packet analysis can reveal clear signs of tampering. For instance, tools like Wireshark and Snort are widely used to inspect data flows and detect unusual changes in packet headers or contents that may indicate malicious activity.<br /><br />This type of analysis not only assists in tracing the source of intrusions but also ensures proper documentation of digital evidence in compliance with legal standards, enabling investigators to build strong forensic cases against cybercriminals.<br /><br />University of Al-Mustaqbal – The First University in Iraq