The impact of temperature and rainfall on agriculture is considered one of the primary climatic factors that determine the success or failure of agricultural crops.<br /><br />First: The Impact of Temperature on Agriculture<br /><br />Plant Growth:<br /><br />Each plant species has an optimal temperature range for growth.<br /><br />Excessively low temperatures may slow germination or stunt growth.<br /><br />Excessively high temperatures may cause plants to wilt or scorch leaves.<br /><br />Flowering and Pollination:<br /><br />High temperatures during the flowering period may impair pollination, reducing yield.<br /><br />Some crops require "winter chill" to stimulate flowering (such as wheat or some fruit trees).<br /><br />Crop Ripening:<br /><br />High temperatures sometimes accelerate ripening, reducing fruit quality.<br /><br />Low temperatures delay ripening and increase the length of the crop cycle.<br /><br />Prevalence of Pests and Diseases:<br /><br />High temperatures create a favorable environment for the reproduction of many insects and fungi.<br /><br />Second: The Impact of Rain on Agriculture<br /><br />Natural Irrigation Water:<br /><br />Regular rainfall eliminates the need for artificial irrigation.<br /><br />Drought leads to poor growth and crop failure if the deficiency is not compensated for by irrigation.<br /><br />Soil Erosion and Fertility:<br /><br />Excessive rainfall can cause soil erosion and the erosion of agricultural land.<br /><br />It can also lead to waterlogging, preventing oxygen from reaching the roots.<br /><br />Fungal and Bacterial Diseases:<br /><br />High humidity resulting from rain favors the spread of diseases such as downy mildew and powdery mildew.<br /><br />Impact of Rain Timing:<br /><br />Rain out of season can be harmful. For example, rain falling during harvest can cause crop rot.<br /><br />Drought during a sensitive stage (such as flowering or fruiting) significantly reduces productivity:<br /><br />Moderate and balanced temperatures and rainfall are essential for achieving good agricultural production.<br /><br />Climate change (such as global warming) is clearly impacting agriculture, necessitating the development of modern agricultural technologies (such as drip irrigation, the use of greenhouses, and climate-smart agriculture).<br /><br /><br />Al-Mustaqbal University is the first university in Iraq.<br />