Introduction : <br /><br />Immunological and molecular assays are among the most important modern tools in veterinary medicine, providing highly accurate methods for detecting both infectious and non-infectious diseases in animals. These techniques contribute to early diagnosis, improve treatment quality, and help prevent disease transmission among animals and humans within the framework of the One Health concept.<br /><br />1. Immunological Assays<br /><br />Serological Tests: Used to detect antibodies or antigens in animal blood, such as ELISA tests for foot-and-mouth disease or avian influenza viruses.<br />Immunohistochemistry (IHC): Enables the identification of specific proteins or antigens in animal tissues, aiding in the diagnosis of tumors and infections.<br />Rapid Tests: Strip-based rapid tests allow for quick detection of infectious diseases in farms and shelters.<br /><br />2. Molecular Techniques<br /><br />Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Allows early detection of viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens with high sensitivity, even from small amounts of genetic material.<br />Gene Sequencing: Used to identify genetic mutations in pathogens and study antimicrobial resistance.<br />Microarray and Proteomics Analyses: Help examine gene and protein expression patterns in complex diseases, facilitating the development of precise therapeutic and vaccination strategies.<br /><br />3. Practical Applications<br /><br />Early detection of infectious diseases in livestock to prevent outbreaks.<br />Monitoring animal response to veterinary treatments.<br />Investigating hereditary diseases and genetic mutations in both production and companion animals.<br /><br />Conclusion : <br /><br />Immunological and molecular assays are vital tools in modern veterinary medicine, offering rapid and accurate diagnostics that enhance disease management and safeguard public health. Their application supports preventive medicine, reduces disease spread, and advances scientific research into the underlying mechanisms of animal diseases.<br /><br />Ameer bahaa fahim <br /><br />Al-Mustaqbal University <br />The first University in Iraq.