Prepared by: Ms. Tabarak Ahmed Turki Al-Azzawi<br />Introduction:<br />Kidney stones are solid deposits that form inside the kidneys due to the accumulation of minerals and salts. They are a common health issue affecting people of all ages and can cause severe pain and complications if not properly treated.<br />Causes:<br />The formation of kidney stones can result from several factors, including:<br /> 1. Insufficient water intake: Low fluid consumption increases the concentration of minerals in the urine, facilitating stone formation.<br /> 2. Dietary habits: Consuming large amounts of salt, animal protein, or foods high in oxalates (such as spinach and chocolate) increases the risk of kidney stones.<br /> 3. Genetic factors: A family history of kidney stones raises the likelihood of developing them.<br /> 4. Certain health conditions: Such as hyperparathyroidism, obesity, high blood pressure, or diabetes.<br /> 5. Some medications and supplements: Including high doses of vitamin D or calcium supplements.<br />Symptoms:<br />Symptoms vary depending on the size and location of the stones, and may include:<br /> • Severe pain in the back, lower abdomen, or flank.<br /> • Nausea or vomiting.<br /> • Change in urine color to red or brown.<br /> • Frequent urination or a burning sensation while urinating.<br /> • Sometimes small stones do not cause symptoms and are discovered accidentally.<br />Prevention:<br />The risk of developing kidney stones can be reduced by following several preventive measures:<br /> 1. Drink adequate amounts of water daily (about 2–3 liters for adults).<br /> 2. Follow a balanced diet: Reduce salt, animal protein, and foods high in oxalates.<br /> 3. Maintain a healthy weight and exercise regularly.<br /> 4. Regular medical check-ups: Especially for individuals with a family history or chronic diseases affecting the kidneys.<br /> 5. Avoid certain medications or supplements without consulting a doctor.<br />Conclusion:<br />Kidney stones are a common health problem that can be prevented by maintaining a healthy lifestyle, drinking water regularly, and paying attention to dietary habits. Early detection and awareness of symptoms help prevent complications and maintain kidney health and overall quality of life.<br /><br />Al-Mustaqbal University the First in Iraq