Introduction The muscular system is a fundamental body system responsible for movement, supporting the skeletal structure, and maintaining balance. It consists of various muscles that enable voluntary and involuntary movements and play an essential role in heat production and maintaining bodily strength. Types of Muscles and Their Functions 1. Skeletal Muscles: These muscles are attached to bones via tendons and control voluntary movements. They enable precise and powerful motions and represent the majority of muscles in the body. 2. Cardiac Muscle: Found exclusively in the heart, it works involuntarily to pump blood throughout the body. It is characterized by its ability to contract continuously without fatigue. 3. Smooth Muscles: Located in the walls of internal organs such as the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels. They function involuntarily to regulate organ activity and move substances within the body. Common Muscular System Disorders • Muscular Atrophy: Loss or weakening of muscle mass due to inactivity, injury, or chronic diseases. • Muscle Cramps: Sudden painful contractions often caused by fatigue or electrolyte imbalance. • Myositis: Inflammation of muscles due to infection or autoimmune conditions. • Muscular Dystrophy: A group of hereditary disorders causing progressive muscle weakness. Diagnostic Methods • Clinical Examination: Assessment of muscle strength and joint mobility. • Blood Tests: Used to identify inflammation or muscle damage markers. • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Detailed imaging of muscles and surrounding tissues. • Nerve Conduction Studies and Electromyography (EMG): Measurement of electrical activity in muscles and nerves. Prevention and Maintaining Muscular Health • Regular exercise to strengthen muscles. • A balanced diet rich in proteins, vitamins, and minerals. • Warming up before exercise and using protective gear to avoid injuries. • Maintaining a healthy weight to reduce stress on muscles and joints. • Ensuring adequate rest and sleep to support muscle recover Ahmed Ibrahim Al-Mustaqbal University The First University in Iraq.