Free Radicals are highly reactive chemical compounds that are naturally formed within the body as a result of daily biological processes such as cellular respiration, or externally through exposure to pollution, smoking, ultraviolet radiation, and certain chemicals. These molecules are characterized by having an unpaired electron, which causes them to engage in continuous reactions that can lead to cellular and tissue damage when their levels exceed the normal limit. Free Radicals and Oxidative Stress When the quantity of free radicals surpasses the body's defensive capacity, a condition known as Oxidative Stress occurs. This is a state of imbalance between the production of free radicals and antioxidants. This condition is a crucial focal point in understanding the causes of chronic disease development, as it leads to damage in proteins, lipids, and DNA, resulting in cellular changes that pave the way for the emergence of complex health disorders. The Role in the Development of Chronic Diseases Numerous studies have shown that free radicals play a central role in the onset of a wide range of chronic diseases, including: 1. Cardiovascular Diseases Free radicals contribute to the oxidation of lipids,particularly LDL, leading to the formation of plaques inside blood vessels and their narrowing. This process is a fundamental step in the development of atherosclerosis and heart attacks. 2. Diabetes and its Complications Chronic increases in free radicals affect pancreatic cells and reduce their sensitivity to insulin,in addition to being linked to diabetic complications such as nephropathy and neuropathy. 3. Cancer DNA damage resulting from oxidative stress can cause genetic mutations that increase the likelihood of cancerous cell growth.Therefore, reducing exposure to factors that generate free radicals is part of cancer prevention. 4. Nervous System Diseases Free radicals impact sensitive nerve cells and are linked to the onset of diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's due to damage to the neural membrane and proteins responsible for nerve signaling. 5. Thyroid Diseases Some thyroid disorders,particularly hyperthyroidism, are associated with increased production of free radicals, which promotes states of inflammation and oxidative stress in the body. Natural Defenses Against Free Radicals The body possesses an integrated system to counter free radicals, which includes: •Antioxidant enzymes like Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase, and Glutathione peroxidase. •Non-enzymatic antioxidants such as Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Glutathione. •Nutritional compounds like polyphenols found in vegetables and fruits. These systems help restore balance and reduce oxidative damage, thereby limiting the development of diseases. Prevention and Risk Reduction Among the most important measures to reduce free radical levels are: •Following a diet rich in vegetables and fruits. •Avoiding smoking and pollution as much as possible. •Engaging in regular physical activity. •Getting adequate sleep and reducing stress. •Avoiding prolonged exposure to sunlight without protection. Al-Mustaqbal University Ranks First Among Iraqi Private Universities