Rheumatoid Arthritis (Rheumatoid Arthritis): ⸻ Rheumatoid Arthritis: Causes, Symptoms, and Management What is Rheumatoid Arthritis? Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints. In this condition, the immune system attacks healthy body tissues, especially the synovial membrane that lines the joints. This leads to inflammation, pain, and swelling, and over time, can cause joint deformity and damage. ⸻ Causes of Rheumatoid Arthritis The exact cause of rheumatoid arthritis is unknown, but several factors may contribute to its development, including: • Genetic factors: A family history of the disease may increase the risk. • Environmental factors: Exposure to smoking or viral infections. • Sex: Women are more likely to develop rheumatoid arthritis than men. • Age: It most commonly appears between the ages of 30 and 60, but it can affect any age group. ⸻ Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis Symptoms vary from person to person, but common symptoms include: • Joint pain and swelling, especially in the small joints (hands and feet). • Joint stiffness, especially in the morning or after periods of rest. • Chronic fatigue and a general feeling of tiredness. • Loss of appetite and weight loss. • Occasional mild fever. • Joint deformities in advanced cases. ⸻ How is the disease diagnosed? The diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis depends on: • A clinical examination by a rheumatologist. • Blood tests (such as rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-CCP antibodies, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP). • X-rays or MRI scans to detect joint damage. ⸻ Complications of Rheumatoid Arthritis If left untreated, it can lead to: • Permanent joint damage. • Loss of mobility or joint use. • Heart or lung disease. • Osteoporosis. • Anemia or eye diseases. ⸻ Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis There is currently no cure, but early treatment can reduce symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment options include: 1. Medications: • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). • Corticosteroids. • Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), such as methotrexate. • Biologics. 2. Physical therapy to improve joint mobility and strengthen muscles. 3. Surgery in advanced cases (such as joint replacement). 4. Diet and moderate exercise. ⸻ Living with the Disease • Understanding and being aware of the disease is the first step toward managing it. • Adhering to medication regimens and having regular checkups with your doctor. • Resting when needed, without neglecting moderate physical activity. • Psychological and family support is essential for improving quality of life. Al-Mustaqbal University, the leading university in Iraq.