Rabies Disease (Rabies Virus) Rabies is a fatal viral disease that affects the central nervous system in both humans and animals. It is most commonly transmitted through the bite of infected animals, especially dogs. Despite being preventable, rabies remains a major public health problem in many developing countries. Introduction: Rabies is an ancient disease known for thousands of years and is considered a zoonotic disease (transmitted between animals and humans). It is caused by a virus belonging to the Rhabdoviridae family and is characterized by an almost 100% fatality rate once clinical symptoms appear. Causative Agent: Rabies is caused by an enveloped RNA virus with a bullet-shaped structure. The virus enters the body through wounds or mucous membranes and then travels via peripheral nerves to the central nervous system. Modes of Transmission: Infection usually occurs through bites or scratches from infected animals. It can also be transmitted through saliva contaminated with the virus. Dogs are the main source of infection in most countries. Clinical Symptoms: Early symptoms include fever, headache, and fatigue, which later progress to neurological manifestations such as anxiety, muscle spasms, hydrophobia (fear of water), paralysis, and ultimately death. Diagnosis: Diagnosis depends on medical history and clinical examination, in addition to laboratory tests such as detection of viral antigens or antibodies. Prevention and Treatment: Prevention is the cornerstone of rabies control and includes vaccination of animals and immunization of people at high risk. After exposure, the disease can be prevented by thorough wound washing and administration of the rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin. Conclusion: Rabies is a dangerous but preventable disease. Strengthening vaccination programs and health education is a fundamental step in reducing its spread and protecting public health. University of Al-Mustaqbal The First Private University in Iraq Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques – Ranked First in the Iraqi National Classification