Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Causes, Symptoms, and Management
What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints. In RA, the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue, especially the synovial membrane that lines the joints. This leads to inflammation, pain, and swelling, and over time can cause joint deformity and damage.
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Causes of Rheumatoid Arthritis
The exact cause of RA is still unknown, but several factors may contribute to its development, including:
• Genetic factors: Family history may increase the risk.
• Environmental factors: Such as smoking or viral infections.
• Gender: Women are more likely to develop RA than men.
• Age: Commonly appears between the ages of 30 and 60 but can affect any age group.
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Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Symptoms vary from person to person but often include:
• Joint pain and swelling, especially in small joints (hands and feet).
• Joint stiffness, particularly in the morning or after inactivity.
• Chronic fatigue and a general feeling of tiredness.
• Loss of appetite and weight loss.
• Occasional low-grade fever.
• Joint deformities in advanced stages.
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How is RA Diagnosed?
Diagnosis typically involves:
• Clinical examination by a rheumatologist.
• Blood tests (e.g., Rheumatoid Factor (RF), Anti-CCP antibodies, ESR, CRP).
• Imaging tests such as X-rays or MRI to detect joint damage.
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Complications of RA
If left untreated, RA may lead to:
• Permanent joint damage.
• Loss of mobility or joint function.
• Increased risk of heart or lung disease.
• Osteoporosis.
• Anemia or eye disorders.
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Treatment Options
Although there is no cure for RA, early treatment can significantly reduce symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment options include:
1. Medications:
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
• Corticosteroids.
• Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), such as Methotrexate.
• Biologic agents.
2. Physical therapy to improve joint mobility and strengthen muscles.
3. Surgery in advanced cases (e.g., joint replacement).
4. Healthy diet and moderate physical activity.
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Living with Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Understanding the disease is the first step toward control.
• Adherence to medication and regular medical follow-up is essential.
• Rest when needed, without neglecting moderate physical activity.
• Emotional and family support is crucial for a better quality of life.