Prepared by: Ms. Tabarak Ahmed Turki Al-Azzawi
Introduction:
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most serious complications of chronic diabetes and is considered a leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. It results from damage to the kidney’s small blood vessels due to persistent high blood sugar levels, leading to a gradual decline in kidney function. If not managed in time, it can progress to the point where dialysis or kidney transplantation becomes necessary.
First: What is Diabetic Nephropathy?
It is a kidney disease caused by type 1 or type 2 diabetes, in which chronic high blood sugar levels lead to:
• Damage to the kidney’s tiny blood vessels (glomeruli).
• Leakage of protein (especially albumin) into the urine.
• A decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
• Accumulation of toxins and fluids in the body.
Second: Risk Factors That Increase the Likelihood of Developing Diabetic Nephropathy:
1. Poor control of blood sugar levels.
2. Uncontrolled high blood pressure.
3. Family history of kidney disease.
4. Smoking and lack of physical activity.
5. Obesity and high levels of blood fats (lipids).
Third: Early Symptoms and Signs:
• Protein in the urine (microalbuminuria).
• Swelling in the feet or face.
• High blood pressure.
• General fatigue and loss of appetite.
• Changes in the amount or color of urine.
Fourth: How Can a Diabetic Patient Maintain Kidney Health?
1. Control Blood Sugar:
• Follow a healthy dietary plan.
• Take medications or insulin regularly.
• Monitor HbA1c and keep it below 7%.
2. Manage Blood Pressure:
• Keep it below 130/80 mmHg.
• Use ACE inhibitors or ARBs under medical supervision.
3. Regular Monitoring of Kidney Function:
• Perform urine albumin test (UACR).
• Check estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) every 6–12 months.
4. Follow a Kidney-Friendly Diet:
• Reduce sodium and salt intake.
• Limit animal protein.
• Eat more vegetables and fruits that are low in potassium.
5. Avoid Harmful Medications for the Kidneys:
• Such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) without a doctor’s advice.
6. Exercise Regularly:
• Walking for 30 minutes daily improves blood pressure and blood sugar.
7. Quit Smoking and Reduce Stress.
Conclusion:
Diabetic nephropathy is a silent but preventable complication. Through careful control of risk factors and adoption of a healthy lifestyle, it is possible to slow its progression or even prevent it. Early detection and effective treatment play a crucial role in protecting kidney function and maintaining the quality of life for diabetic patients.
Al-Mustaqbal University the First in Iraq