Prepared by: Ms. Tabarak Ahmed Turki Al-Azzawi
Introduction
Blood Pressure in Children
Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood on the walls of the arteries, measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). Normal blood pressure values in children vary depending on age, height, and gender. It is considered high if it exceeds the 95th percentile for the child’s age group.
High blood pressure in children is a growing global health concern and poses a significant medical challenge due to its negative impact on a child’s current and future health. Understanding the causes of this condition aids in early diagnosis and prevention of potential complications such as heart and kidney diseases.
Causes of High Blood Pressure in Children
1. Primary (Essential) Causes
• Genetic Factors: A family history of hypertension increases a child’s risk of developing high blood pressure.
• Obesity: Excess weight is one of the most common causes, as it leads to increased insulin resistance and sodium retention, both of which elevate blood pressure.
• Lack of Physical Activity: A sedentary lifestyle is associated with weight gain and elevated blood pressure.
• Unhealthy Diet: Excessive consumption of salt, fats, and sugars negatively affects blood pressure levels.
2. Secondary Causes
These are linked to other underlying medical conditions, including:
• Kidney Diseases: Such as chronic nephritis or congenital anomalies of the kidneys or urinary tract.
• Endocrine Disorders: Like hyperthyroidism or adrenal gland dysfunction.
• Congenital Heart Defects: These may lead to irregular blood flow and increased pressure.
• Certain Medications: Including corticosteroids, decongestants, and some cancer treatments.
• Sepsis or Severe Infections: These can impact blood vessels and raise blood pressure.
Other Risk Factors
• Passive Smoking: Exposure to cigarette smoke can damage children’s blood vessels.
• Psychological Stress and Anxiety: These affect hormone balance involved in blood pressure regulation.
• Age and Developmental Stage: Certain developmental stages, such as adolescence, may increase susceptibility to high blood pressure.
Diagnosis and Tests
• Regular Blood Pressure Monitoring: Using age-appropriate equipment.
• Review of Medical and Family History
• Ultrasound Imaging: For kidneys and heart when needed.
Conclusion
High blood pressure in children requires early attention to identify its causes and ensure appropriate treatment. Prevention through healthy nutrition, physical activity, and routine monitoring plays a crucial role in reducing risks and improving quality of life.
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