Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Thanaa Baha El-Din Abdullah
Introduction:
Literacy is not simply the process of learning to read and write; it is an empowering tool that allows individuals to participate effectively in society, improve their quality of life, and contribute to economic and social development. Despite significant progress in reducing illiteracy rates globally, approximately 763 million adults and children still lack basic literacy skills. This article aims to review the concept of literacy, its importance, the challenges it faces, and the most prominent strategies adopted to combat it.
Definition of literacy and the concept of literacy:
Illiteracy refers to the inability to read, write, and understand simple texts related to daily life. However, the concept has evolved to include other types of literacy, such as digital, functional, and health literacy.
Literacy is the process of providing education and basic skills to illiterate people, enabling them to participate in society and improve their living conditions. UNESCO defines literacy as "a continuous process of lifelong learning and the development of knowledge to achieve goals and participate fully in society."
Evolution of the concept of literacy:
· Traditional concept: Focuses on learning the alphabet and basic arithmetic operations.
Modern concept: It includes the ability to interact with information and society, understand digital media, and adapt to the demands of the times.
Global and Arab statistics:
- Globally: The literacy rate among adults (aged 15 and over) increased from 67% in 1976 to 87% in 2022.
- 763 million people (the majority of whom are women) still lack basic skills.
- In the Arab world: The illiteracy rate reaches approximately 61% according to some reports, with significant variations between countries.
- 260 million children are out of school, and more than half of all children and adolescents lack basic reading and math skills.
The importance of literacy:
1. Combating poverty: Literacy increases employment opportunities and income. If all adults received two additional years of education, 60 million people could be lifted out of poverty.
2. Improving health: Health literacy helps understand medical information and reduces mortality.
3. Promoting equality: Literacy reduces the gender gap and empowers women economically and socially.
4. Supporting sustainable development: Educated societies are better able to participate in political and social decisions and contribute to economic growth.
Types of illiteracy:
Basic illiteracy is the inability to read and write. For example, someone cannot read a simple sentence or write their name.
Functional illiteracy is the inability to use literacy in daily life. For example, difficulty understanding instructions or filling out official forms.
Digital illiteracy is the inability to use modern technology, such as a computer or the internet.
Health illiteracy is the inability to understand health information and make informed decisions, or to understand medication instructions or nutritional advice.
Media illiteracy is the inability to critically analyze news and information, or to believe fake news without verifying sources.
Financial illiteracy is the inability to manage finances properly, such as difficulty preparing a budget or understanding loans and interest rates.
Challenges Facing Literacy:
1. Poverty and Conflict: Poverty and armed conflict hinder access to education in many regions, particularly in Africa and South Asia.
2. School Dropout: School dropout is one of the most significant drivers of illiteracy, especially in rural and poor areas.
3. Gender Inequality: In some communities, girls are still deprived of education due to customs and traditions.
4. Lack of Resources: Lack of funding, educational infrastructure, and specialized human resources hinders literacy programs.
5. COVID-19 Pandemic: The pandemic has caused school closures and disrupted education, leading to an increase in the number of out-of-school children.
Literacy Strategies and Programs:
1. Adult Education Programs: Providing flexible classrooms for adults who missed out on education as children.
2. Integrating Technology: Using digital platforms and interactive applications to teach literacy, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic.
3. Civil Society Initiatives: NGOs and the private sector participate in literacy programs, such as the "Literacy Challenge in the Arab World" initiative in the UAE.
4. Motivating Participation: Linking literacy to job opportunities or providing financial incentives to participants.
5. Educating Women and Girls: Empowering women through education is one of the most effective strategies in combating illiteracy.
UNESCO Efforts:
UNESCO has been one of the most prominent international organizations leading literacy efforts since 1946.
It aims to reduce the illiteracy rate to less than 10% by 2030, in line with the Sustainable Development Goals.
It offers international awards such as the King Sejong Prize and the Confucius Prize to encourage innovative initiatives in this field.
The Role of Governments and Society:
Governments: Provide free, compulsory, high-quality education, while increasing investment in educational infrastructure.
Family: Parents play a key role in developing children's literacy skills from preschool. Civil Society: Non-governmental organizations and the private sector can contribute by establishing literacy classes and providing material and moral support.
Individuals: Educated youth can volunteer in adult education or support their peers in remote areas.
In conclusion: Literacy is a fundamental human right and a vital tool for eradicating poverty and inequality and achieving sustainable development. Challenges remain, especially in areas affected by conflict and poverty. Eradicating illiteracy requires concerted efforts from governments, civil society, and individuals, with a focus on educational programs and the inclusion of marginalized groups. Lifelong learning can build more peaceful, just, and sustainable societies.
Sources:
- Match Report: "Statistics on Global Literacy Progress."
- Promoting Literacy for Sustainable Societies - United Nations Report.
- UNESCO: Literacy is the First Step Towards Freedom - UN News
- Dr. Abdul Rahim Mohammed: "From Illiteracy to Literacy."
- CRDP: "Illiteracy: Causes and Solutions."
(Al-Mustaqbal University is the first university in Iraq.)