Leishmaniasis is a chronic parasitic disease that affects humans and animals and is transmitted through the bite of an infected sandfly. This disease is considered a neglected disease in many regions, especially in tropical and subtropical areas, where it poses a significant health burden due to its complications and impact on public health.
Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. There are several types of leishmania, each causing a different form of the disease, including:
Cutaneous leishmaniasis: appears as painful or painless skin ulcers.
Visceral (cystic) leishmaniasis: affects internal organs such as the spleen and liver.
Mucosal leishmaniasis: affects the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and throat.
How the Disease is Transmitted
Leishmaniasis is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected female sandfly. After entering the body, the parasite settles in immune cells and begins to multiply, causing various symptoms.
Symptoms of Leishmaniasis
Symptoms vary depending on the type of leishmaniasis:
Cutaneous leishmaniasis: begins with a small red spot that develops into a sore over time, which may or may not be painful, leaving scars after healing.
Visceral leishmaniasis: symptoms include persistent fever, weight loss, enlarged spleen and liver, and anemia.
Mucosal leishmaniasis: causes erosion of the mucous membranes of the nose and mouth, leading to painful disfigurements.
Diagnosis
Leishmaniasis is diagnosed through:
Clinical examination of symptoms.
Samples of affected skin or organs are taken for laboratory analysis.
Advanced techniques such as PCR are used to detect the parasite.
Treatment and Prevention
Treatment:
Depends on the type and severity of the disease and includes the use of antiparasitic medications such as amphotericin B and melefantrine.
In cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis, topical or surgical treatments may be used.
Treatment must be started early to avoid complications.
Prevention:
Use mosquito nets and insecticides.
Wear clothing that covers the body in infested areas.
Avoid areas with high sandfly prevalence, especially during their active times.
Control sandfly reservoirs and animal waste.
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