Diabetes and Pregnancy
Diabetes and pregnancy can pose significant health challenges for both the mother and the baby. High blood sugar levels during pregnancy may lead to health complications for the mother, such as high blood pressure, preeclampsia, and other issues. It can also affect the fetus, increasing the risk of miscarriage, premature birth, birth defects, and high birth weight.
Effects of Diabetes on the Mother:
High Blood Pressure: May lead to preeclampsia, a serious condition.
Retinopathy: Can develop into vision problems.
What Happens to the Fetus If Blood Sugar Rises During Pregnancy?
High blood sugar may cause fetal overgrowth, which can lead to delivery complications. It may also result in polyhydramnios (excess amniotic fluid), increasing the risk of preterm labor or birth complications. Other risks include premature birth and preeclampsia.
When Is Blood Sugar Dangerous for a Pregnant Woman?
A preliminary test for gestational diabetes is conducted by giving the pregnant woman 50 grams of glucose, then measuring blood sugar after one hour. If the level is above 140 mg/dL, a more accurate diagnostic test is needed to confirm gestational diabetes—this is considered the second stage of testing.
How Does Diabetes Affect the Fetus?
Diabetes may lead to fetal complications such as:
Miscarriage: Between 9–14% of pregnant women with diabetes experience miscarriage. The most critical factor is blood sugar level control.
Can Diabetes Be Transferred from Mother to Baby?
According to Dr. Inas Shaltout, Professor of Internal Medicine and Diabetes at Cairo University: A mother’s diabetes does not directly transmit the disease to her baby. However, it may increase the risk of the child developing type 2 diabetes in adulthood, or even earlier if other risk factors are present.
Diet Guidelines for Women with Gestational Diabetes:
Focus on fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
Choose low-fat dairy products over full-fat versions.
Opt for lean sources of protein.
Avoid high-fat foods such as palm oil, coconut oil, and fatty meats.
Avoid sugary foods and beverages with added sugars.
Most pregnant women with gestational diabetes deliver naturally. However, the condition increases the risk of requiring a cesarean section, particularly in women with a previous C-section or other complications.
Can Gestational Diabetes Cause Fetal Death?
Yes, gestational diabetes can lead to stillbirth or early miscarriage, making it one of the most serious risks of gestational diabetes for the fetus.
AL- Mustaqbal University The First University in Iraq

Goal 3 of the Sustainable Development Goals: Good Health and Well-being