Archaeological survey is a systematic field process aimed at collecting preliminary data on archaeological sites and artifacts through direct observation, aerial photography, or the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Survey methods vary between surface observation, aerial survey, and geophysical survey, depending on the nature of the area and the objective of the survey.

Archaeological surveys are considered fundamental tools in the field of archaeology and hold particular importance in Iraq due to its rich cultural heritage and stratified history that spans thousands of years. This article aims to highlight the vital role of archaeological surveys in uncovering unknown sites, documenting existing landmarks, guiding excavation work, and contributing to the protection of heritage from natural and human threats.

The significance of archaeological surveys in Iraq lies in their ability to uncover new sites, especially given the vast geographical area of the country and the absence of accurate maps covering all regions. Surveys help identify previously unknown sites, thereby expanding the archaeological database.

Additionally, documentation and protection of sites are essential, as archaeological sites in Iraq face increasing threats from urban expansion, encroachments, and climate change. Through accurate documentation, threatened sites can be included in protection and maintenance programs.

Moreover, surveys provide a digital database. Modern surveys using GIS technology and remote sensing can create accurate digital maps that are used in future research and in heritage management policies.

In conclusion, archaeological surveys represent the primary foundation for understanding and protecting Iraqi heritage. In light of current challenges, there is a pressing need to support these efforts through governmental and international funding, cooperation between universities and heritage institutions, and modernization of fieldwork tools. Iraq’s investment in these efforts is not only for preserving the past but also for building a deeply rooted cultural identity and a foundation for sustainable tourism in the future.

# Al-Mustaqbal University – The first private university in Iraq