Introduction
Respiratory diseases are a group of health conditions that affect the respiratory system, including the nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. These diseases impair the ability to breathe and exchange gases in the lungs, and their severity can range from mild and temporary to chronic or life-threatening. Respiratory diseases are among the most common health problems worldwide, particularly in children, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems.


Types of Respiratory Diseases

Respiratory diseases can be divided into two main types:
1. Upper Respiratory Tract Diseases
Examples: common cold, pharyngitis (sore throat), sinusitis.
These are usually temporary viral infections.
2. Lower Respiratory Tract Diseases
Examples: pneumonia, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and tuberculosis.
These can be acute or chronic and directly affect the lungs.


Common Symptoms
• Cough (dry or productive)
• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
• Wheezing or whistling sounds while breathing
• Chest pain
• Fever (especially in cases of infection)
• General fatigue and tiredness


Potential Complications

If not treated early, respiratory diseases may lead to:
• Hypoxemia (low blood oxygen levels)
• Acute respiratory failure
• Spread of infection to other organs
• Deterioration of chronic conditions (e.g., heart disease or in elderly patients)


Diagnostic Methods
• Clinical examination: Listening to lung sounds and assessing symptoms.
• X-rays or CT scans: To detect infections or obstructions.
• Blood tests: To identify infection or low oxygen levels.
• Pulmonary function tests: To measure respiratory capacity in chronic conditions such as asthma and COPD.


Prevention
• Maintain hand hygiene and avoid contact with infected individuals.
• Receive seasonal vaccinations (e.g., influenza vaccine).
• Avoid smoking and environmental pollutants.
• Ensure proper ventilation in closed spaces.
• Consult a physician promptly if severe respiratory symptoms appear.


Ahmed Ibrahim Abbas

Al-Mustaqbal University
The First University in Iraq.