Introduction
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex and poorly understood disorder characterized by severe fatigue that does not improve with rest.
Recent evidence suggests that genetic predisposition and epigenetic alterations may play key roles in susceptibility and symptom development.
Genetic Basis of ME/CFS
• Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have begun to identify genetic variants related to immunity, energy metabolism, and mitochondrial function.
• Candidate genes include NR3C1 (cortisol receptor), HLA genes (immune regulation), and genes involved in inflammatory pathways.
Epigenetic Regulation
DNA Methylation
• Recent studies have shown abnormal methylation patterns in immune and inflammatory genes in ME/CFS patients.
• These changes may result from chronic stress or viral infections.
Non-coding RNAs
• Specific microRNAs (miRNAs) are altered in patients and may serve as potential biomarkers for diagnosis.
Histone Modifications
• Although less studied, early findings suggest dysregulation in chromatin accessibility affecting genes involved in energy metabolism.
Gene–Environment Interaction
• ME/CFS is thought to arise from a complex interaction between genetic susceptibility and environmental exposures (such as viral infections or psychological stress).
• Epigenetic changes act as the bridge explaining how environmental factors can reprogram gene expression.
Future Applications
1. Early Diagnosis: Using DNA methylation or miRNA profiles as biomarkers.
2. Personalized Therapy: Targeting epigenetic pathways (e.g., inhibitors of DNA methylation enzymes).
3. Prevention: Monitoring genetically predisposed individuals to prevent disease development.
Conclusion
ME/CFS is no longer viewed merely as a psychological disorder but rather as a condition linked to complex genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Future research will determine whether modifying these molecular markers can lead to effective treatments.
University of Al-Mustaqbal – the first university in Iraq
Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques – ranked first in the Iraqi National Classification