Researcher: M.M. Liqaa Abbas Zaher - College of Education

Abstract
This research examines the subtle differences between the sounds of "Ḍād" and "Ḍād" in the Arabic language, in terms of their articulation, phonetic characteristics, and their uses in writing and pronunciation. It highlights common errors students make in distinguishing between the two letters and proposes remedial mechanisms based on phonetic training and linguistic analysis. The study demonstrated that confusion between the two sounds is due to auditory similarity, the influence of dialects, and weak pronunciation training.
Keywords
Ḍād, "Ḍād", phonetic differences, linguistic errors, Arabic language teaching
Introduction
The Arabic language is one of the richest and most diverse languages ​​in its sounds, and the "Ḍād" sound is considered a distinctive symbol of its identity. However, confusion between it and "Ḍād" has become widespread among students and teachers alike, negatively impacting the integrity of the language in both writing and pronunciation.
Research Problem
What are the phonetic and educational reasons that lead to confusion between the letters "Ḍād" and "Ḍād"? And how can this be addressed educationally? Study Objectives

To identify the phonetic differences between the two letters
To clarify common errors in differentiating between them
To propose educational mechanisms for training in distinguishing between "Ḍād" and "Ḍād"

Significance of the Study
The importance of this study lies in addressing a linguistic phenomenon that affects language integrity and enhances students' pronunciation skills. It also benefits Arabic language teachers in developing remedial programs.
Theoretical Framework

The phonetic articulation of the two letters according to phonology
Phonetic characteristics (loudness, softness, occlusion)
Historical background for the use of the two letters in dictionaries and ancient texts.
Classification of words containing "Ḍād" versus "Ḍād"
Linguistic Analysis

- Presentation of common examples of confusion between the two letters
- Analysis of phonetic substitution phenomena in Arabic dialects
- Training models for pronunciation of the two letters
- Statistics or classroom observations (if available)

Results

Most errors result from auditory similarity

Poor phonetic training leads to spelling errors

The scarcity of words containing the letter Ḍā contributes to poor discrimination

Recommendations

- Intensify phonetic training for Arabic students
- Prepare lists of words using the letters Ḍād and Ḍād for classroom practice
- Incorporate audio and visual exercises into Arabic language curricula

List of Sources and References

1. Ibn Jinni, "Characteristics"
2. Ibrahim Anis, "Linguistic Sounds"
3. Tamam Hassan, "The Arabic Language: Its Meaning and Structure"

(Al-Mustaqbal University is the first university in Iraq)