Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder of the large intestine characterized by recurrent abdominal pain associated with changes in bowel habits (diarrhea, constipation, or both), without any detectable organic cause on routine investigations. Pathogenesis IBS results from the interaction of several factors, mainly: Increased sensitivity of the colon to pain and distension Abnormal intestinal motility (either accelerated or slowed) Disturbance in the brain–gut axis communication Psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, and depression Imbalance in gut flora (beneficial bacteria) Sometimes occurs after previous intestinal infections Causes and Triggering Factors Psychological stress and daily life pressures Certain foods (fatty foods, legumes, caffeine, spicy foods) Changes in daily routine or travel Sleep disturbances Hormonal changes (especially in women) Symptoms Symptoms vary among individuals. Common manifestations include: Abdominal pain or cramps, often relieved after defecation Bloating and gas Diarrhea or constipation, or alternating between both Sensation of incomplete bowel evacuation Mucus in the stool IBS is usually NOT associated with: Rectal bleeding n Weight loss Anemia (If any of these occur, further medical evaluation is required.) Clinical Types IBS-D: Diarrhea predominant IBS-C: Constipation predominant IBS-M: Mixed type IBS-U: Undetermined type Diagnosis Diagnosis is based on: Clinical history (Rome IV Criteria) Simple investigations to exclude organic diseases when alarm features are present ❗ Colonoscopy is usually not required unless warning signs exist. Treatment 1. Reassurance and Education Explaining that IBS is a functional disorder Emphasizing that it is not dangerous and does not lead to cancer 2. Lifestyle Modification Stress and anxiety reduction Regular sleep Physical exercise 3. Dietary Management Avoid foods that trigger symptoms Increase intake of soluble fiber 4. Medical Treatment (according to symptoms) Antispasmodics (e.g., Mebeverine) Medications for diarrhea or constipation Probiotics Low-dose antidepressants when needed 5. Psychological Therapy (if required) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Relaxation techniques Conclusion Irritable Bowel Syndrome is a chronic functional disorder that is not dangerous but requires good understanding and cooperation between the doctor and patient. Lifestyle and dietary modifications play a key role in controlling symptoms and improving quality of life.